Business Environment - Meeting global and local needs Coursework

Business Environment - Meeting global and local needs - Coursework Example The main purpose of this organisation type is to serve the community as a whole and delivering public benefits (Fletcher, 2005). Partnership: It is such an organisation type, which mainly comprise two or more partners in order to conduct a business. In this organisation type, the partners involved utilise the available resources and thereby share profits equally or proportionately (Fletcher, 2005). It is quite obvious that different stakeholders possess diverse needs along with objectives. An organisation mainly works towards meeting its predetermined goals along with the objectives of the stakeholders. It can be apparently observed that organisations mainly create a business plan, which helps in complying with the objectives of diverse stakeholders by a certain degree (Morris & Baddache, 2012). It is strongly believed that the stakeholders can be benefited only when organisations provide value added products to the customers. This will certainly make the stakeholders to obtain substantial profits and help them to obtain high dividends. Apart from these, the aforesaid aspect will also provide the employees with better salary. Furthermore, this will also boost the productivity of the organisations to meet customers’ demand and thereby serve the stakeholders effectively. The organisations can meet the objectives of the stakeholders by satisfying customers’ requirements, enabling such organisations to observe rise in profit margin. Thus, the formulation of an effective business plan will help the organisations to meet stakeholders’ objectives by a certain extent (Boutelle, 2004). One of the imperative roles along with responsibilities of an organisation is to serve customers in accordance with their respective demands and preferences. An organization must work under the boundaries of law. In this regard, the belief as well as the reputation of an organisation frames a vital part (Heslin & Ochoa, 2008). It is worth mentioning that an

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 26

Business Law - Essay Example Prior to commencement of the job, Peter receives a better paying job, and does not show up for work. John can go to court and claim the $500 initial payment on grounds that Peter has breached the contract. Such a claim would be referred to as contractual liability claim. It is common occurrence for businesses, individuals or organizations to get into agreement, often in writing, for the purpose of taking on the liability or a duty of some other entity. Usually the liability is something they would otherwise not have. Such an arrangement where one entity assumes or takes on the liability of another by contract is referred to as an indemnity agreement. Each state has diverse laws on indemnity laws though they usually override common law. Indemnity agreements often form the basis of a contractual liability claim. Contractual liability may come into play in several other scenarios. Examples of such scenarios include assumption of duty, assuming of liability, contractual liability insurance, breach of contract claims, and coverage by insurance. In the UK, contractual liability fall under the Unfair Contract Term Act of 1977, which is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, charged with regulating contracts by restriction of operation and legality of contract terms. In this case study, we are going to use ILAC method to better advice Simon on the best way forward in regards to his situation. ILAC stands for Issue, Law, Application, and conclusion. This technique provide a more logical way of addressing case studies. The facts of this case study are that Fernado and Arthur have sent Simon cheques of varying amount and expect, to receive the book. Also, Simon has since sold the book to a Gollum Book Ltd. According to misrepresentation2 concepts of contract law of England, it is possible to make a misrepresentation either by conduct or words although not all things done or said constitute

Study on the association between schizophrenia and violence

Study on the association between schizophrenia and violence Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder characterised by a disintegration of thought processes and emotional responsiveness. Schizophrenic individuals are presented with a wide range of symptoms. These are often classified in terms of positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms may include presentation of hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech or thinking, disorganised behaviour, catatonic behaviours, derealisation, and unusual motor behaviour, while negative symptoms may include affective flattening, alogia, or avolition (DSM-IV; Kneisl Trigoboff, 2009). Although wide ranging, the experience of psychotic manifestations, such as hearing internal voices or experiencing sensations not connected to an obvious source, are common in this group of individuals. These individuals are often marked by an inability to function in daily life and require a significant level of care and support system. Given the variable presentations, no single or a mix of symptoms is definitive for diagnosis. The diagnosis criteria thus encompass a pattern of expressed symptoms and in conjunction with impaired occupational or social functioning (DSM-IV). The onset of this disorder usually begins during late adolescence or early adulthood. It can be a gradual process, whereby the individual became increasingly seclusive. It can sometimes be sudden, marked by emotional turmoil and intense confusion (Strauss, Carpenter Bethesda, 1972). The prevalence of Schizophrenia is approximately 1% of the general population and appears to be constant across cultures (Bhugra, 2005). The literature suggests that the aetiology of Schizophrenia is multifactorial. In regards to environmental components, it is unclear whether childhood trauma and stress influence the development of Schizophrenia, but there is evidence to suggest that environmental factors (Heinrichs, 1993), such as maternal stress, may be important in the aetiology of Schizophrenia, as high level of stress may trigger Schizophrenia by increasing Cortisol level in the body. In addition, enlarged brain ventricles and decreased activity in the frontal lobe is observed in some individuals with Schizophrenia. Together, it suggests that abnormal brain chemistry and brain structure may be important in the development of Schizophrenia. It has also been observed that there is a strong hereditary component in the manifestation of Schizophrenic symptoms. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has schizophrenia have a 10% change of developing the disorder. Twin and adoption studies observed that monozygotic twins display 50% concordance of Schizophrenia (Van Os, Rutten Poulton, 2008). While this suggests a moderate to high heritability of Schizophrenia, it is clear that this disorder is not deterministic by genetic components. The Association between Schizophrenia and Violence It is now generally accepted that individuals with Schizophrenia are at elevated risk of violent behaviour than member of the general population. In the community, 8% of individuals with Schizophrenia alone were violent, compared to 2% of individuals without mental illness (Eaton Kessler, 1985). In addition, a study estimated that 20% of first-admission patients with Schizophrenia had perpetrated against others in a life threatening manner prior to their admission, while 9% of the discharged patients acted violently in the first 20 weeks after hospitalisation (Humphreys et al., 1992; Monahan Applebaum, 2000). More importantly, longitudinal studies following selected and unselected cohorts showed that Schizophrenic individuals are four to seven times more likely to have committed a violent crime than the general population (e.g., Lindqvist Allebeck, 1990; Tiihonen et al., 1997), and twice as likely than men with other mental disorders to have a violent conviction (Wesselt et al., 1 994). Despite of differences in methodological approaches, these observable results are consistent across studies, cohorts, and cultures. The literature suggests that there is an over-representation of Schizophrenic individuals among the offender and prison populations. As mentioned above, the prevalence of Schizophrenia is less than 1% in the community. However, the prevalence of Schizophrenia in the prison setting was found to approximately 3%. In addition, 9-11% of individuals who were convicted of non-fatal and fatal violence respectively, had a diagnosis of Schizophrenia (Taylor Gunn, 1984), which are significantly higher than its prevalence in the general population. Individuals with Schizophrenia were at a four times higher chance to be convicted of interpersonal violence and ten times greater for conviction of homicide than the general public (Wallace et al., 2004). Interestingly, the chance of developing Schizophrenia among those with a history of violent crime is approximately five times greater than those committed non-violent crime only (Gosden et al., 2005). Thus, individuals with Schizophrenia contribute to a disproportionate rate of violent crimes. Typologies of Offenders with Schizophrenia There is a correlation between the development of Schizophrenic symotoms and increased rates of antisocial behaviour in violence (e.g., Wallace et al., 2004). Similar to offenders without mental health problems, there are subtypes of offenders with Schizophrenia, as defined by the age of onset and persistence of antisocial behaviour. It is suggested that there may be three types of Schizophrenic offenders (e.g., Hodgins, 2008). Type I offenders is a group of offenders that display a long history of antisocial behaviour since childhood or early adolescence, which remains stable across the lifespan (Moffitt, 2006). It is common that they are presented with a conviction for violence prior to onset of Schizophrenia and those who meets criteria for conduct disorder (CD). This group of offenders is presented with a wide array of criminal conduct, including both violent and non-violent crimes. Their criminal history appears to be similar to individuals with CD who lacks other mental health issues. It has been speculated that individuals with CD who developed Schizophrenia are characterised by lower levels of anxiety, heart rate, and cortisol level. Type II offenders are a large group of violence offenders with Schizophrenia who had no display of antisocial behaviours prior to the onset of the disorder, but become persistently violent thereafter. The onset of symptoms begins in adulthood for this subgroup and is usually associated with some form of brain disorder (e.g., Hodges et al., 1996). It is suspected that this group is particular susceptible to illicit drug use and that substance abuse may be directly associated with their violent behaviours (Mueser et al., 2006). Substance use by Schizophrenic individuals increases their risk of violence in multiple ways. It acts to further impair social cognition, increase the likelihood of them associating with antisocial peers for drug use and crime, and affect their capacity to engage with service providers and compliance with medication and support (Green et al., 2007). Type III offenders are a small group of serious violence offenders who display chronic course of Schizophrenia with no expression of antisocial and aggressive behaviours prior to their late thirties, and subsequently proceed to violently murder those who care for them. Type II offenders appear to display shallow affect, callousness, lack of remorse, and a failure to accept responsibilities (Sunak, 2006). It is hypothesised that this group of offenders have deficient and fluctuating affective experience, which increases the vulnerability for aggressive behaviour towards others (Hodgins, 2008). Overall, this group of individuals expressed higher level of violent behaviours and are at greater rate of conviction and incarceration of violent crime than individuals of the general community. Such violent behaviours account for a significant amount of human suffering, in party of the victims and their families, also in part of the perpetrators. These behaviours poses further financial burden on the society. Given the prevalence of violence among Schizophrenic individuals, there are important consequences for the criminal justice system. In addition, offenders with Schizophrenia constitute a heterogeneous population. It is suggested that most violence in the Schizophrenia population is attributed to Type I, although it is possible that Type III offenders are over-represented among homicides cases (Mullen, 2006). The development of typologies of offenders with Schizophrenia is relevant to identifying appropriate treatment options that address the characteristics of each type of off ender. Mediators of Violence among Individuals with Schizophrenia Substance Misuse: It has been repeatedly demonstrated that comorbid substance abuse issues significantly increase the risk of violence in Schizophrenic individuals (e.g., Tiihonen et al., 1997; Wallace et al., 2004). Some has suggested that comorbid substance abuse accounts for most rates of violence among people with Schizophrenia (Monahan et al., 2001). It appears that comorbid substance abuse account for up to 30% of violence in the community, compared to 8% in those with Schizophrenia alone (Eaton Kessler, 1985). The literature expressed concerns for the increasing numbers of substance misuse in individuals with both Schizophrenia and a propensity to violence over the past 30 years (Mullen, 2006). Reducing rates of substance misuse among this group of offenders is an important therapeutic goal, which will improve symptom control, quality of life, and act to decrease antisocial behaviours that are related to violence. Active Symptoms: Considerable evidence suggests that the violence observed in Schizophrenic individuals is directed and motivated by psychotic symptoms. Some research has shown that individuals frequently act upon the experienced delusions and that violence is often a defence or retaliation mechanism against seemingly harmful and manipulative actions (regardless of whether their beliefs are correct) that others are directing against the individual (Link Stueve, 1994). The expression of psychotic features is associated a five times increase in the risk of assaults of other person compared to those with no mental disorder (Mojtabai, 2006). For instances, there are evidence to support the association between delusional jealousy and attacks on a partner, persecutory delusions, and hallucinations and non-specific psychotic agitation all on occasion precipitate violence (Mullen, 1996; Mullen, 2006). Personality Factors: More recently, personality factors have been implicated in criminality in Schizophrenia (e.g., Moran et al., 2003). This group of offenders is associated with irritable, dissocial, lack of empathy and remorse, grandiose, suspicious, maintenance of unrealistic beliefs of entitlement, and inability to learn from experience. In addition, it is suggested that the relationship between comorbid substance abuse and violence in Schizophrenia may be mediated by personality factors and social problems. Developmental Factors: Compared to the general population and non-violent Schizophrenic individuals, those individuals with Schizophrenia who are violent are more likely to have experienced developmental problems, deprived and disadvantaged backgrounds, family history of criminality, and a problematic childhood in areas education and social functioning (e.g., Mullen, 2006; Tiihonen et al., 1997). Treatment for Schizophrenia To date, no cure has been found for Schizophrenia. The major goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms, minimise side effects, prevent relapses, and provide social and occupational rehabilitation for this group of offenders. Identification of High-Risk Offenders: It should be of high priority to identify individuals who fall into a high risk category of future violence. Past literature indicated that male individuals with a history of childhood conduct disorder, antisocial and violent behaviour in adolescence, substance abuse, unemployment and a disorganised lifestyle is at increasing rate of being high-risk of violence recidivism. Risk assessment is a practical exercise that should inform the risk, needs, and responsitivity of an individual. Their main function for the clinician is to direct attention to known correlates of violent behaviour. The HCR-20 (Webster et al., 1997) is an instrument that incorporates the PCL, which combines professionals approach to risk assessment and clinical opinion. Psychological Management: The manifestation of Schizophrenic symptoms renders individuals with criminogenic personality traits, attitudes, and social and occupational problems (Mullen, 2006). Reducing violent behaviours will depend large on modifying these factors and the behaviours they generate. While psychosocial treatment interventions have limited value for acutely psychotic individuals, it has been found beneficial to reduce violence risk for individuals who are already stabilised on antipsychotic medication (Swanson et al., 2008). Psychosocial treatment provide clients with the skills to work, self-care, communication, forming and keeping relationships, and learning and using appropriate coping mechanisms to deal with difficult situations and events and increase their chances of associating with others (Penn et al., 2005). Past research indicated that patients who receive regular psychosocial treatment are more likely to be compliant with medication and reduces their rate of relapse (Penn et al., 2005). In addition, recent studies indicate that cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches that teach clients coping and problem solving skills can be beneficial for Schizophrenic individuals in reducing violent behaviours. When compared to control, recreational activities, or support, CBT was repeatedly found to be more effective during and immediately after treatment. CBT has also been found to be effective in relapse prevention and positive symptom control, even when the intervention was presented by therapists who had limited prior training (Durham et al., 2003). CBT as practiced for Schizophrenia should be modified to address some of the specific limitations imposed by the disorder (e.g., cognitive dysfunction, and stigma and loss). Therapists will need to be mindful of developing a therapeutic alliance based on the clients beliefs, to be able to develop alternative explainations of symptoms, and reducing the impact of positive symptoms (Turkington, Kingdon, Weiden, 2006). Treatment for Substance Misuse: Given the significant risks substance misuse poses to increase the rate of violence among Schizophrenic individuals, the assessment and management of drug and alcohol misuse has become a major priority. A study examining an integrated intervention program that consisted of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement in patents general function, reduction in positive symptoms, and increased the length of abstinence periods from substances in Schizophrenic individuals (Barrowclough et al., 2001). In addition, this effect was still significant at 12 months follow up. Recommendation in relation to Treatment Outcome A careful design of methodology is required to be able to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the treatment program. Participants: A control group is necessary to allow comparisons to be made. Participants should be randomly assigned into control or treatment group. Participants with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia should be compared to a control group also with diagnoses of Schizophrenia. Participants who are actively psychotic and deemed unsuitable for treatment should be excluded. Procedures: All therapists should receive the same training for the intervention program to ensure consistency across therapy sessions. Adequate supervision will need to be provided to determine the qualification of therapist to deliver the treatment. This should be determined based on structured ratings of therapists adherence and competence to the treatment program, using instruments such as an Adherence-Competence Scale (Najavits Liese, 1997). All sessions must run according to the procedures described in a manual that detail the tasks of each session. Measures: Assessments regarding level of violent behaviours needs to be conducted at pre-, during, post-treatment, and follow-up measures. The follow up measures will provide an indication of the duration of treatment effect and patient relapse outcomes. Researchers should be trained in administering all measures. If more than one researcher is responsible, actions should be taken to ensure consistency between them. The current program will involve the treatment of inmates who express violent behaviours. Adequate measures of violence will be needed to examine the efficacy of the treatment program. The rate of violence depends greatly on the levels of violence measured. Most decisions concerning the level of violence of an individual are based on clinical evaluation, patients self report, and structured assessment. Some widely used instrument to assess violent behaviours includes the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), Historical, Clinical, Risk-Management (HCR-20), and the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment. Since comorbid substance abuse issues is indicated to be a significant factor that elevates the rates of violence in Schizophrenia as well as other mental health disorders, the treatment program should target such issue and aim to reduce or eliminate use of substances among this population. The addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan, Kushner, et al., 1992) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM can be used to assess substance use outcomes at various point in time. Participants perception of treatment effectiveness should also be assessed. This should be measured at post-treatment, using questionnaires that adequately assess perception of treatment outcome. The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (Attkisson Zwick, 1982) and the End-of-Treatment Questionnaire (Najavits, 1994) can be used to measure participants opinions about treatment. The outcome analysis should include description of the sample characteristics. Depending on what the control groups of the study is, manipulation check should be used to examine whether participants in both the treatment and placebo groups perceived the content of their respective intervention differently.

Essay --

Islam is the second biggest faith in the world. It is a monotheistic, peaceful religion which believes that there is only one god in the whole universe and his name is Allah. In his book, â€Å"Islam the Straight Path†, L.Esposito (1998) writes that the main ambition of Islam is to spread into the entire world and every act is based on the words of Qur’an and Muhammad says and deeds. But throughout the years of spreading 12 new orders were created in Islam. They were deviations from the classical Islam. One of these orders was The Bektashi Order of Dervishes. Their religion was also known as the popular Islam or (non-canonical) (L.Esposito, 1998). The aim was to reach Allah in a different way. Dervishes could be driven in the history of Islam in the same role that monks stay in Christianity. Their main difference is that dervishes to don’t stay closed in cloisters but they are close to the people in the everyday life. Now the most significant order that took plac e in the Balkans and it is still present now days the Bektashi order of Dervishes is very famous in Albania. In order to understand clearly the role of this Sufi order (Tariqat) we need to explain some questions raised. Who created it? When and where was the Bektashi order born? What were the circumstances that leaded to his creation? What are its main features? Why did it spread in the Balkans? What is its role now? What is the place of it in the Islamic world? The world center momentarily speaking is in Tirana, Albania. Bektashism has its own place in the Islamic world but the influence of it and the crucial role it played on Balkans especially in Albania is considerable. The Bektashi order of dervishes is the biggest Muslim Sufi in Albania but his existence extends also in o... ...anonical one. However it managed to create the best of worlds, a modern point of view and way to reach to God, in compliance with the Islamic shariah for their believers. The Tariqat was known for their knowledge and intellect and probably this is the reason why it hugged some of the highest powered people at the time. It is no need to say that Bektashi leaders were of a very high intellect and they managed to survive the both disasters that happened. One can see that their diplomacy and knowledge’s were at a very high standard. They proved themselves to be an example to follow for the creation of a new state like Albania was at that time having on their branch some of the most well known Albanians the history have known. Bektashies were important in the other parts of Balkans too like Kosovo or Macedonia and their existence still lives today especially in Albania.

Matter and its Properties Essay

The fundamental building blocks of matter are atoms and molecules. These make up elements and compounds. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. And element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. A compound is the substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded. Water is an example of a compound because it is one of many compounds that consist of molecules. The hydrogen and oxygen molecules are chemically bonded to form a water molecule. Properties and Changes in Matter Every substance, whether an element or compound, has characteristic properties. Chemists use these properties to distinguish different substances and then use their knowledge of characteristics to separate them. A property may be a characteristic that defines an entire group of substances. That property can be used to classify an unknown substance within that group. For example, are large groups of elements is metals. The property that sets than apart from anything else is that they conduct electricity well. Therefore, if scientists find an unknown element, and test it for electricity conduction, and it turns out to conduct electricity well, it is, in fact, a metal. Properties also define subgroups or substances. And can also help to reveal the identity of an unknown substance. However, identification usually cannot be made based on only one property. Comparisons of several properties can be used to determine the identity of an unknown. Properties are either intensive or extensive. An extensive property depends on the amount of matter that is present. These properties include volume, mass, and the amount of energy in a said substance. Intensive properties, however, do not depend on the amount of matter present. These properties include the melting  point, boiling point, density, and ability to conduct electricity and heat. Regardless of how much of a substance is present, these properties will always be the same. Chemical and Physical Properties and Changes Physical Properties and Physical Changes A physical property is a characteristic that can be measured or observed without changing the identity of the substance. Physical properties describe the substance itself. Examples of these properties are properties such as melting point and boiling point. A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called a physical change. Examples of physical changes include grinding, gutting, melting, and boiling a substance or material. These changes do not change the physical identity of a property. For example: If you rip a paper in half, does that change the identity of the two torn parts? The answer is no, it is still a paper, just smaller and ripped. If you bend a paper clip, is it still a paper clip? Yes. Melting point and boiling point are part of an important classification of physical changes called change of state. A change of state is a physical change of a substance from on state to another. The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Matter in the solid shape has a definite volume and definite shape. Matter in the liquid state has a definite value, but not a definite shape-a liquid can be molded or formed into many different shapes. Matter in the gas state has neither definite volume nor definite shape. Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, but chemical properties cannot. A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different  substances. Chemical properties are easiest to see when substances react to form (a) new substance(s). For example, when charcoal burns, it combines with oxygen in air to become a new substance, carbon dioxide gas. After this chemical change, the original substances of the charcoal, carbon and oxygen, are no longer present. Another example is the ability of iron to rust by combining with oxygen in the air (moisture). A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or reaction. The substances that react in a chemical change are called the reactants. The substances formed by the chemical change are called the products. By burning charcoal, carbon and oxygen are the reactants in a combustion, or burning reaction. Carbon dioxide is the product. Chemical changes and reactions, such as combustion and decomposition, form products whose properties differ greatly from those of the reactants. Chemical changes, however, do not affect the total amount of matter present before and after a reaction. The amount of matter, and total mass, remain the same.

Study On The Urban City History Essay

From a critical observation, the American metropoliss since the 1950 ‘s to day of the month has gone through a figure of cardinal alterations in countries like industrialisation, authorities, instruction and many others. This paper focuses on the development of the great American metropoliss from the 50 ‘s through to this twenty-four hours. Between 1900 and 1970, the Southern black Diaspora began migrating from the South into the Northern and Western parts of the US. This inflow was mostly due to the wake of the bondage epoch therefore inkinesss needed to travel off from the southern parts for a complete sense of emancipation ( Grossman. par 1 ) . To appreciate how the African American mass going altered history we must get down with the fact that these migrators were come ining into some of the largest metropoliss in America and they were making so exactly at the clip when these parts benefit from their greatest political and cultural prosperity. New York, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Washington DC were the cardinal spiritual, industrialisation, media and political centres for new America ( Grossman. par 2 ) . African Americans from the South such as Rev. Jesse Jackson found channels to act upon some of the institutes housed by these cardinal parts and through them gained pull that finally, over the old ages, would be used to change the state ‘s systems of cultural dealingss and regional nexus. Important to that embryologic influence was a distinguishable community creative activity that converged in big North and western metropoliss during the first half of the twentieth century popularly referred to as the Black Metropolis. The 2nd moving ridge of the mass hegira occurred in 1960 in Chicago and this led to the addition of population from about 270,000 to over 800,000, an about three-base hit. At this point in times, many parts of Chicago and New York, peculiarly the Bronx, were considered capitals of African Americans. The great figure of inkinesss traveling into Chicago significantly changed the demographics of Chicago and the full Illinois province. Prior to the monolithic inflow, most of Chicago ‘s public was White Americans ( Grossman. par 3 ) . The figure of inkinesss in Chicago continued to increase with the great migration. Other Northern and Eastern parts such as Pennsylvania and New York ‘s Harlem became hubs of black civilization and ethnicity with the being of few cultural minorities such as Hebrews and Italians. As more and more inkinesss came into these new countries, they became increasingly incorporated into the community. Even as the mass hegira assisted in educating and bettering the life criterions of many African Americans, the immigrants encountered a figure of problems in footings of racial segregation, competition for occupations and resources and cultural differences ( Grossman. par 4 ) . Due to the fact that there migration was really fast with a big incursion, autochthonal white work forces felt threatened and vulnerable and feared fring their occupations and businesss. In several parts, workers attempted to guard what they saw as their district. In add-on, abode proprietors and Realtors would halt migrators from purchasing places or renting flats in white vicinities. Furthermore, when inkinesss moved into white territories, Whites would frequently respond sharply toward their new inhabitants, including immense public violences, bombardments, and even slaying. Still, with increasing racial tensenesss, many black Americans managed to get a assortment of occupations with different incomes makin g an earlier unknown phenomenon known as category ( Bullard. Pg87 ) . These experiences led to the division and segregation of these two groups of inkinesss but they still retained their ties by populating together in similar vicinities and countries. Following this huge diverseness, there were a assortment of good and bad happenings that shaped the African American community. Religion and political relations greatly helped keep together the black community. Harmonizing to Grossman ( par. 6 ) , it was obvious that the African American society had deep religious devotedness and this is why it was non uncommon to happen legion churches and religious establishments within the black community, largely Catholic and Methodist ( Grossman. par 6 ) . It is besides of import to observe that there were more churches in the lower category inkinesss than the upper-class ; this is due to the fact that the elect frequently concentrated on their concern enterprises and their connexions with their fellow white concern associates. In add-on, the church provided basic services such as nutrient, lodging and medical installations to the less privileged in their society. Politicss to a great extent besides united the black society, for case, of import politicians such as Malcolm X assisted inkinesss in geting much needed metropolis services and basic human rights. Bullard ( 2007 ) argues that by the terminal of the 1950 ‘s the black society in these antecedently dominant white parts had radically mechanized with the constitution of Shopping centres, more industries and mills in bend making more occupations. These parts became extremely independent and there was a noteworthy addition on suburban countries. The roar in economic system caused the federal authorities to increase services such as loans, mortgages and capital investings in concerns. The authorities provided avenues in which populace could be able to purchase places otherwise impossible with so much costs. The terminal of World War II and a competent president saw great civilisation with edifice of larger places by householders and a big figure of young person go toing schools and other establishments. By the early 1960s, African Americans were super-urban, more dumbly populated in inner metropoliss than other cultural groups. As mentioned, non every African American immigrant moved into the suburbs and chief metropoliss ( Grossman. par 5 ) . Other opted to settle in other countries, particularly the Northwestern and southwesterly sides of Chicago. The changeless protests and conflicts caused many inkinesss to get down go forthing preponderantly white countries. The political instability that is apparent from the 1930 ‘s, peculiarly the disgraceful Frank Skeffington saga of running for another mayoral term, obviously leaks into the 60 ‘s doing a great moving ridge of political volatility that farther destabilizes the African community. His loss and eventual decease distorted the visual aspect of urban political relations and left Boston starved for a strong and straightforward political leader who could give the South a good sense o authorities. In add-on to the assorted incompatibilities within the Democratic Party, peculiarly within the parts of black inflow, the migrations during the early 1900 ‘s had considerable consequence of both the North and the South ( Grossman. par 6 ) . Changes in political relations, concern, health care and instruction consecutive drew migrators back from the North and besides making a stronger base for the Republican Party. In the 1950- 1960 elections, Republicans won in all the three elections. The more profoundly rooted Democrat provinces such as Alabama and Georgia retained their democratic seats despite the political alteration. In the 1964 election nevertheless, ‘Goldwater Republican ‘ ran an old school run which opposed the Civil Rights Act protecting the black minorities. This controversial run was popular with the White militants but the black Americans were non happy with it. He finally lost his ballot through the absence of Black ballot. As reported by Bullard ( 2007 ) , this loss in the Republican Party gave Democrat Richard Nixon a downwind manner to gunner the Southern ballots and retrace the Democrat southern foundations. This was followed by the blackwash of Republican Martin Luther King Junior on April 4, 1968 ( Grossman. par 7 ) . His death was followed by public violences and force by African Americans in metropolitan countries in major metropoliss around America. Thus his non force steering rule was thwarted and ignored by many. The instability and volatility caused by this great black leaders demise saw African Americans in all parts of America abandon their hopes and dreams to mourn for a much loved peoples politician. The black segregation that resulted had great economic impact on the society. A degage black economic system was established which had a assortment of professionals, tradesmans, politicians and linguists. At this point in clip, political relations had become the order of the twenty-four hours in Black America and a distorted system saw politicians making favours for citizens to gunner ballots alternatively of geting them in the old traditional manner or truth and justness. Politicians would pay for funerals and instruction demands, acquire occupations for people who are under qualified or even out justly give the citizens money. This saw a big inflow of ailing incompetent politicians into the Congress and federal authorities mostly due to the fact that many electors had lost hope in the political system. For illustration, Kennedy ‘s entry into Congress was mostly due tot the fact that he was visually delighting to the electors contrary to Nixon ‘s anterior entry due to his intelligence and frankness ( Grossman. par 7 ) . This diminution in the political scene saw a sense of licking and the public focal point on different issues such as household, instruction, employment, young person and matrimony ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The 60 ‘s, 70 ‘s and 80 ‘s were characterized by the female public being actively involved in the social issues but there were still no attempts by authorities to cover with such societal issues. Although the authorities established public high rise undertakings to cover with the lodging jobs, these undertakings merely served to farther increase the societal segregation amongst citizens. The labour force besides though extremely racially segregated saw the constitution of labour brotherhoods that catered to all signifier of workers. Another noteworthy constitution of this epoch was the development of the Television which meant that less people were traveling to cinemas and opted for remaining place and adhering with their households and in bend shortly get awaying the economic difficult times through amusement. This period lasted through the twentieth century with a slow but steady rise in industrialisation. A positive work ethic in the public combined with acquired accomplishments and uninterrupted mechanisation served to hike production and workers living criterions. As the industrialisation and mechanisation grew, so did the consumer market for merchandises and services rise and present a farther encouragement to the economic system. By the terminal of the 1900 ‘s America had become one of the most successful civilisations of the Earth with free market parts including New York and California being widely regarded as representations of developing states around the universe to emulate. After the recession, in which America recovered faster than the full universe, there is no understanding amongst experts sing the enlargement that extended throughout those old ages but economic experts agree that President Roosevelt ‘s schemes and policies stepped up the recovery procedure. Many have argued that Gold Standard epoch besides significantly assisted in the recovery procedure of the planetary economic downswing ( Bullard, pg 132 ) . Most bookmans and coevalss agree that the period after the Reconstruction epoch and the late 1900 ‘s is when America attained its highest technological and pecuniary stature ( Grossman. par 8 ) . This point in clip, as discussed earlier, saw the state being changed from a crude agricultural economic system to a to the full fledged ace power. Development of America ‘s transit web through H2O and air saw its mingling with similar ace civilisations such as China and Russia and in bend led to an intricate trade webs that progressively put America on the map. Although the old economic recession popularly referred to as the Great Depression challenged the US industrialisation force, the state over the old ages regained itself and emerged as a force to be reckoned with. This characteristic betterment in industrialisation saw the young person and immature urban professionals begin re come ining urban metropoliss and towns. There is a general diminution in the fringy population as people began migrating into the urban countries, this clip people of all ethnicity. There is besides a important rise in the figure of migrators from abroad, some coming to look for employment and other coming to put in the promising economic system ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The investors were largely Nipponese and German who came to merchandise in motor vehicles and the latter to present all sorts of electronics. At this point it was progressively apparent that other states were besides germinating at the same rate and this was further confirmed with the great inflow of Korean ships into American Waterss. Bullard ( 2007 ) studies that, following this development and revolution of the US economic system, major Reconstruction began with the rupturing down of Philadelphia centre to pave manner for the Reconstruction of other major installations and besides the slum upgrading undertaking was established. The slum undertakings experienced a batch of renovation with most undertakings being established in the African American vicinities to upgrade their lodging. The federal authorities gave the occupants periods in which they could adequately travel out of the slums in order for the Reconstructions to get down. The authorities employed the usage of designers who were responsible for the earlier nineteenth century edifices therefore occupants were optimistic that they would acquire high rise lodging. In Chicago, the country known as the Black city, when the public lodging undertakings were completed, the population was preponderantly African American with a per centum of approximately 85 % ( Bullard, pg. 133 ) . In the beginning, the undertakings were clean, fresh and orderly with a good environment for childs and others likewise to boom but shortly, largely hapless households that inhabited the colonies began maltreating the installations and thenceforth they ruined the community construction in the public high rise. The increasing insecurity and offense within these hapless vicinities served to stain the name of these undertakings but the authorities is still hopeful at reacquiring and re set uping these cardinal lodging undertakings to what they were made and meant for ( Grossman. par 3 ) . Decision All in all, this diverse alteration in the political, societal and economic inclinations of the United States over the century basically shaped the Country ‘s history. The development of Science, engineering, and industry has non merely greatly shaped America ‘s accomplishment in trade and industry, but has besides contributed to its single political society, societal construction, educational and cultural system. American values of difficult work, entrepreneurship, and autonomy are attested to its bequest of ground-breaking proficient constitutions.

Plastic Automotive Headlamp Lighting Systems essays

Plastic Automotive Headlamp Lighting Systems essays G.E. Plastics, a leading producer of engineering thermoplastics, has announced a new breakthrough in a plastics resin called Lexan. The year is 1953 and Dr. Daniel W. Fox, the scientist responsible for the development of Lexan, describes the Amorphous thermoplastic that combines high levels of mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, providing designers and engineers with new opportunities for developing innovative, cost-effective products for the industries of computer/electronics, building/construction, optical lenses, medical, household appliances, and automotive. The foresight of Dr. Fox and the entire G.E. plastics product team in the future involving Lexan, has unmistakably contributed to revolutionized consumer products we enjoy. These products could be utilizing any of the one hundred eighty six grades of resins in the Lexan family of Polymers. The dedication of the scientists at G.E. Plastics has continued through their fifty-year anniversary, with the a nnouncement of the next generation Lexan resin, EXL. This super tough polycarbonate of silicone copolymerization reveals improved processability and release properties, better UV weatherability, added low-temperature impact strength, and cold temperature ductility. This new and improved Lexan resin additionally includes increased impact resistance while maintaining its clarity. It is particularly clear why the proud legacy of Lexans fifty years of thermoplastic development is viewed as the flagship product of G.E. Plastics. While the future of Lexan looks bright and clear with G.E., it is just as imperative from a motor vehicle operation stand point to see clearly, especially when the driving conditions require the use of headlamps. Headlamp assemblies are one of many systems of a vehicle to promote a safer operating environment to everyone on our roads and highways. The H.I.D. (high intensity discharge) headlamps consist of a Bez...

Task 1 Essay

Task 1 Essay Task 1 Essay Task 1 Company Q’s current attitude towards social responsibility is very iffy, but it could definitely improve considering the positive opportunities that they have recently encountered. Customer Q needs to always remember that their customer’s perception of them is everything. You always want to make your customer’s shopping experience is as positive as possible, because if you do, in the end you will receive loyalty of that customer. Company Q does have time to turn their social responsibility around. If they start looking at all the ways to improve how their customer’s view of them, it will increase their profits and make any shareholders they do have extremely pleased. Company Q closed two of their stores that were located in the higher crime rate areas due to the stores consistently losing money. This could be due to several things. It appears that Company Q thought they were being socially responsible by doing this, but they were doing the total opposite. First, Company Q could have changed their shopping hours if the closing of the stores were actually due to crime activity. Opening the stores early and closing at a reasonable time could avoid any crime activity that usually happens more often when it gets darker out. Next, the company could add more security cameras to the store for additional protection of their employees and inventory. Placing security cameras throughout the building could help with both internal and external theft. People are less likely to steal money or products if they know they are being watched by the man. Finally, Company Q also could provide training for new and current employees. By conducting ethics training it cou ld help the employees understand the policies of the company and help guide them to make the best decisions for them as an employee and the company they’re working for. By just adding a few cameras, changing a couple policies and adding employee training, Company Q could be increasing their sales again instead of losing profits and closing stores that could have stayed open. Many customers have requested over the years that Company Q start offering health-conscience and organic products. It took them years for them to consider this request. Nowadays, it seems like organic or health-conscience food is the â€Å"in† thing. It’s like everyone wants to be healthy. What grocery store doesn’t have a section of organic products? No one wants to have to go to multiple stores to get the products they need. Customers want to be able to go to one store for everything. If Company Q was being socially responsible they would know that this would have been a positive effect on their company, which would make customers have a more positive image of them and in turn bigger profits. When you have happy customers, you’ll have more loyal customers. They will be more loyal when you give them what they want and need. It’s all about convenience these days. Adding a new

A Research on the Changes Brought by Title IX on Sports and Society

A Research on the Changes Brought by Title IX on Sports and Society A Nation Changer: How Title IX has changed sports and society Oftentimes when people think of what has changed this nation’s foundations, they think of the Civil Rights Movement and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Not many people think about a piece of legislation passed in 1972 that prohibits participation, denied benefits, and discrimination based on sex in any education program receiving federal financial aid. This keystone piece in our history is called Title IX and has been under the microscope of scrutiny for nearly four decades, and to be honest, it should not be such the controversial subject it is. [NT1] When people think of Title IX, they often associate it with collegiate athletics. People think that way because they are not aware that it includes academics, support services, clubs, and so on. As a society we have unfortunately become glued to ESPN that we forget there is more to life than who beat the New York Yankees or what NFL superstar got arrested. The Women’s Sports Foundation revealed in a question-answer article that despite the ongoing claims and litigation brought to court by individuals and parents, more people are becoming more accepting of this law, signifying a major shift in society’s views of women in sports (â€Å"Title IX†). We as a society should not need this law, although important, to ensure gender equity. Instead, we should view men and women as equals. Title IX has expanded beyond the athletic fields and courts, beyond what society thinks it only deals with, and is now a major issue in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Since its enactment, women have become empowered and passionate about changing the society’s view of their sex across the board. Take one look at the last presidential election. The United States of America almost had for the first time in history, a female vice president in Sarah Palin. Even more so, look at who is running the State of North Carolina: Beverly Perdue. I found out from the Women’s Sports Foundation website that in order to be compliant with Title IX, a school must pass two parts of a three-part analysis. The first part is to provide athletic participation slots significantly proportionate to total student enrollment. The second part is that federally-funded institutions must show ongoing commitment to athletic opportunity expansion of the underrepresented sex, and lastly, the third part of the compliance analysis is accommodating the underrepresented sex’s interests and abilities (â€Å"Title IX†). I myself have been involved in athletics as a student-equipment manager for about a decade now. I am also majoring in Sport Management with a concentration in Athletic Administration at Western Carolina University. I am familiar with how Title IX works in an athletic department as a result of my curricula. To put the analysis in laymen’s terms, I will use Western Carolina University as an example. There are a total of 287 athletes, 111 being female and 176 being male. That equates to 39 percent and 61 percent respectively. The student body enrollment is 9,429; 56 percent being female and 44 percent being male. Western would not comply with this prong (proportionality test) because the percentages are outside the three percent â€Å"give or take† range. The expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex prong is commonly referred to as a temporary compliance fix because a school can only use it for so long before they must switch to another prong. Western uses this prong as well as the third prong, the third by including athletic surveys in their admission application. When a student applies for admission, they must list sports they would be interested in playing. This satisfies the third prong of the compliancy test. For the longest time Title IX was only enforced in educational programs and those related. When lawmakers realized that athletic departments are also a part of the educational institution that is when the water really began to boil. One of the most significant examples in history of protesting athletic changes in favor of Title IX is the story of Chris Ernst and the Yale University’s women’s rowing team.[NT2] A member of the 1982 Olympic rowing team, Mary Mazzio produced in 1999, â€Å"A Hero for Daisy†. Figure 1 is a vivid shot of what the young girls did in the Yale AD’s office. According to Mazzio’s film and Ernst’s narrative, it was 1976 when the actual events took place, but the legend lives on: nineteen young women rowers wrote â€Å"Title IX† on their chests and backs and walked into the Yale athletic director’s office and stripped to their waists, revealing the phrase while Ernst read a statement. Before this protest, the women would have to come in after a grueling, sometimes cold, wet practice, and take cold showers. After the protest, the AD put showers in the women’s locker room and the entire story was all over the news†¦all across the country (â€Å"Hero†). [NT3] The main theme behind this film is the girls wanted to stop being treated as inferior to the men and have appropriate shower and locker room facilities. I saw scenes of the women having to get on the bus back to campus with frozen hair the showers were so inadequate. Several of the team members also became ill as a result of to not being abl e to take care of themselves properly. [NT4] Quite simply, the women were fed up with being treated as underdogs to the men and decided to stand up for what they believed was right. In my opinion, these women changed sports and without a doubt, society as well. The result of Chris Ernst’s actions undoubtedly made national news. Of all national broadcasting agencies to put this film on the airwaves was ESPN. The media is the largest form of intelligence transportation known to mankind. Both at Penn State University, Marie Hardin, an associate professor in the John Curley Center for Sports Journalism, and Erin Whiteside, a student pursuing a doctoral degree in the College of Communications, wrote an article in Newspaper Research Journal titled â€Å"Sports Reporters Divided Over Concerns about Title IX.† The article shows in a series of charts that although most sports journalists are acquainted with Title IX, their beliefs towards the law and homosexual athletes varies according to their own gender and amount of circulation (Hardin 1). Figure 2 gives clear gender-specific views of Title IX and sports: As you can tell from this chart, there is a higher percentage of men that think Title IX has hurt men’s sports than not. Women have a converse view, reporting that they think Title IX has not hurt men’s sports. Again with the second question, more men think that Title IX is just fine the way it is, and a large majority of the women interviewed still think it should be amended. It is a classic example of gender bias; People in this field tend to vote for their own gender no matter what is ethically right in the eyes of society. The media is just as bad, if not the worst, at being fair when it comes to publishing stories on women’s athletics. Hardin and Whiteside’s article states, â€Å"Studies have consistently found that women are positioned as less interesting and capable through both the quantity and quality of coverage. Furthermore, the lack of newspaper coverage devoted to girls’ and women’s sports does not reflect their participation rates, and editors have cited ‘lack of interest’ to justify these decisions† (Hardin 2). Unfortunately, people read more stories about the achievements of male athletes than female. Here’s a classic example: look at how many articles have been written about Shaun White, a professional snowboarder who has only recently made headlines with a spectacular performance at the Winter X Games, and Jamie Anderson, the female equivalent – with not quite the spectacular performance. I said Jamie Anderson and people probab ly had no idea who I was referring to because they did not see her name in quite as many articles explaining how great of a snowboarder she is. I would not say that it is an overall lack of interest in sports amongst females; I think one could unfortunately fault sports journalism for being bias. This biasness among sports journalism is an institutional norm; â€Å"Individuals who choose to resist those institutional norms by supporting women’s sports, for instance, can be ostracized† (Hardin 4). So if I choose to be a sports journalist and chose to go against the common grain of coverage and write about people like Jamie Anderson, I would be considered an outcast. An outcast for doing what I believe is the right thing to do, promoting the achievements of women in athletics. At least that is the mindset of sports journalism more often than not. Title IX is a law seeking to turn the tables of that popular notion. I know that one female in particular used Title IX in her favor and changed the way sports journalism views women. It was Chris Ernst, and when her complaint made the headlines, you can bet it impacted society. The general public might think, â€Å"Title IX sure does seem bias towards women.† They would be right; Title IX is directed more toward providing athletic opportunities for women. Steven Rhoads brings up in his article â€Å"Sports, sex, and Title IX† that this law is supposedly anti-discriminatory, when in fact it is just the opposite. Title IX fails to mention is that in order for institutions to be compliant with the law, some programs dedicated to male involvement must be cut, namely non-revenue earning sports. Take for example wrestling. Each of the three weight classes has a certain number of participants in them; call it twenty for easy math. That brings the grand total to sixty wrestlers. Since wrestling in most schools is not considered a huge ticket sell, it is often dropped due to Title IX requirements. That means sixty young men cannot go after a passion because of a law that tries to get more females active in sports. Rhoads also points out that based on t he interest prong of the compliancy analysis, it is hard to determine what females are interested in. Moreover, he explains that the psychology behind females in sports is much different than males in sports. Males have natural tendency to expend their testosterone-born aggression and competitiveness through sport. Males also make more friendships through involvement in sports. Even a benchwarmer on a football team feels he is a part of the team merely by cheering and being there for his team. Females on the other hand, when they feel they will be cut or see potential for arguments, they quit the team (Rhoads). So going back to the interest prong, could one argue that we are wasting time trying to figure out athletic opportunities for women by doing surveys when they may quit a team at first sign of struggle? Have you ever wondered how the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) schools fare in regard to Title IX? These are schools where the outcomes of football and men’s basketball games make headlines more often than academic research. According to â€Å"Part†, â€Å"Charles Kennedy is a senior instructor of political science at Penn State – York. He is a former Peace Corps volunteer, director of Pennsylvania’s Governor’s Action Center, and assistant to West Virginia’s Secretary of State† (â€Å"Part†). Kennedy came up with a playoff system explained in his article â€Å"Part† to determine compliancy using other factors other than the commonly-used three prong test. His variables come from a 2004 Chronicle of Higher Education gender equity study: participation, scholarships, coaching salaries, and operating expenses. The participation test is quite simple; the number of female student-athletes should be proportionate to the percent age of women in the student body. The scholarship variable is governed by the Office of Civil Rights and mandates that â€Å"colleges must award the same proportions of aid to female athletes as there are women participating in varsity sports. The proportion is to be within one percentage point† (â€Å"Part† 52). Two variables not included in Title IX are coaching salaries and operating expenses. I do believe that coaching salaries should be proportionate and fair because it makes the women coaches just as equal as the men coaches. Although operating expenses are not covered under Title IX, they are of concern with the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act in that the EADA does mandate how much of an athletic budget must be reserved for women’s teams (â€Å"BCS† 53). In Kennedy’s analysis, the BCS Champion of Title IX was Ohio University, outlasting Stanford University 3-1 with individual statistics* of participation (-10.7: 0.0), scholarship (2.55:1. 96), coaching salaries (40.9:38.0) and lastly operating expenses (41.7:39.2). A cheist at the Naval Research Laboratory, Debra Rolison, has done Title IX protesting in the form of holding discussions nationwide in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics – STEM – disciplines. [NT5] In an interview report by Toni Feder[NT6] , Rolison feels that these departments should have to maintain a balance of male and female doctorate positions. According to a report given by the Congressional Subcommittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, if we want to have better educated graduating classes coming out of our universities and colleges, we need to open the door of recruiting and accepting women in the educational workplace more (Feder). [NT7] Julie Walters is an assistant professor of political science at Oakland University and Connie L. McNeely is a faculty member of the School of Public Policy at George Mason University. Together they wrote an article addressing gender equity in the STEM fields as well. They shed light on how little Title IX has been discussed in the realm of academics, when in fact academics is probably the more important subject to be discussed than athletics. Women are less inclined to go into STEM fields because â€Å"while both males and females are equally committed to academic careers, women’s higher turnover has been highly correlated with dissatisfaction and lower levels of research support, fewer advancement opportunities, intellectual constraints, and heavier teaching and service workloads† (Walters 1). If that is not sexual discrimination in the workplace, please tell me what is. It is completely unfair to shove more work onto women as retribution for trying to advance in their career. Universities exalt the male by allowing them easier course loads and giving them advancement opportunities quicker than females. I am not a feminist by any means, but I do know where to draw an ethical line, and what some universities do is plainly unethical and purely discriminatory. The worst part of it is that â€Å"an institution may attempt to defend itself by claiming, for example, that all such work is â€Å"voluntary,† but a question arises in the definition of â€Å"voluntary† in practice and application† (Walters 9). Just when people think the institution is the terrible person, take a look at the federal government; â€Å"In 1996, Congress cut or eliminated funding for state Title IX coordinators, and in 2003, cut funding for the Women’s Educational Equity Act of 1965, which provided grants in aid in promoting gender equity in educational environments† (Walters 9). What that last quote is saying is Congress basically said that f unding Title IX is no longer important. Schools nationwide need those coordinators to make sure the school is in compliance, and all of a sudden Congress says, â€Å"Gender equity is no longer a big deal to us.† You can bet that Congressional ruling impacted society and quite a few athletic departments. In a report by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, statistics are showing that females are making significant strides in the academic field. According to the report, â€Å"In the last 10 years, the number of girls taking the AP Calculus AB exam has increased nearly 60% and the number of girls taking the AP Physics B exam more than doubled during the same period†¦ And, in 2007, half of the 40 finalists in the Intel Science Talent Search were girls† (â€Å"Science†). Even with a major law in place, women still see the cold shoulder; â€Å"unsupportive classroom environments, a limited peer group and outdated pedagogy; and women scientists and engineers earn less and advance slower than men in both academia and the private sector† (â€Å"Science†). In my opinion, we should accept women and girls not for just beauty, but for the amount of intelligence and other talent they have. In our dismal economy, we cannot afford to be discrimina tory against women, or toward any sexual orientation for that matter. We need the most qualified individuals in the positions, and if the most qualified are women, so be it. Continuing on with the STEM fields, the United States National Aeronautic and Space Administration – NASA – has their own policies on Title IX. NASA grants federal money to universities and other educational institutions for research and development. Since this aid is federal, it makes the entire organization subject to compliance checks. The â€Å"prong† analysis I mentioned earlier does not apply here as much as it does in athletics, but one could argue that the money should be allocated evenly amongst the affected programs. I found out that NASA does conduct random but forewarned interviews and tests among schools that received grants. In comparison to the NCAA punishment policies, NASA is fairly lenient, only bringing down hefty sanctions when the school fails to voluntarily comply[NT8] (NASA).[NT9] In conclusion, I hope that this explanation has left you, the reader, with a better understanding of how Title IX has impacted sports and society. I can only imagine what society was like before Title IX, and I am thankful that we have it today and for the future. Many generations to come will benefit not just in athletics, but in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Without a doubt, the people with passion for reforming society, namely Chris Ernst and people like Debra Rolison, are making the world a more balanced society.

Retail Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Law - Essay Example The UK law is applicable when selling or leasing goods or services, that are used by individual consumers, family or the household uses. Retailers are prohibited from applying dishonesty, misrepresentations or falsified operations and practices. This act ensures that goods and services sold to the customer are in good condition. On the other hand this act ensures that the retailers make sure that they receive goods from manufacturers or wholesales in good condition for them to sale to the end user. The laws in UK calls for the retail business person to affix a sign to the products sold or put a sign in a place which it can be easily be read by the buyer before he/she can purchase the product. The sign placed should be able to give details of return policy of the seller. If the seller fails to place a sign then, the consumer should be given 20 days in which he/she can return the purchase item and be fully refunded or credited back on his/her credit card. In case a buyer had paid using a cheque, then a seller may delay refunding the money for 10 days to allow the cheque to clear. This law do not apply to products which are outdated. Post season or reduced for sale clearance. It also does not cover special order purchases or buying that involves selling or leasing motor vehicles. This acts the consumer by giving him/her a chance to return items that malfunction back to retailers hence, not losing out. As, for the retailer it ensures that he/she also returns back the same goods to the manufacturer or wholesaler, he/she also do not lose out. (Department of Trade Industry, 2005) Bait and switch advertising This law is not used when the retailer clearly indicates that there are a few items that are available, in such a case then the advert must indicate the number of items offered for sale. The act protects the customer from buying an item based on an advert which is false. Thus ensures that goods advertised are same as sold. To the retailer this is good because he will only advertise what he exactly has. Recording credit card numbers on checks In this law the retailer can request the buyer or the customer to show his/her credit card and then the retailer can record the card insurer and the expiring date. In case a buyer refuses to show his/her card, the retailer then can reject to accept the check. This law does not apply when a retailer has accepted to cash checks as an after sale service for issuer's cardholders in case the issuer of the credit card has accepted to assure payment for its cardholder's checks, or if the buyer having the card do accepts his/her credit card numbers to be recorded on the check. This is a very important act that protects the consumer from fraudulent retailers who can use the consumer credit card number to obtain money with fraudulent. However, for the retailer it will also save him/her from customers who may want to get goods or service with fraudulent means for example, using expired credit card. Sale of goods by description This act defines the rights of the consumer to presume goods to "conform to contract" and the consumer can look for redress if the goods bought are found not to conform to the

Fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients Essay

Fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients - Essay Example 2006, p. 58) Fatigue is very common among patients with multiple sclerosis and yet is it a symptom that is quite poorly defined. (Flachenacher et al., 2002). This very fact makes evaluation of fatigue as a symptom of multiple sclerosis difficult. And yet, since it is such a common complaint of patients with this condition, its evaluation as part of the disease process cannot be ignored. The paper by Flachenecker and colleagues is an important one dealing with the problem of fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Of the 151 consecutive patients who entered the study and were given the standardized questionnaires, 94 had the relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis which is our main interest as far as the symptom of fatigue is concerned. One of the most important aspects of this paper in the evaluation of fatigue is the fact that the authors used 4 different fatigue scales namely, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), MS-specific FSS, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). To evaluate a symptom as vague and non-specific as fatigue, it was important that the authors relied not just on one fatigue scale but on four different fatigue scales in order to reduce the incidence of errors. In order for a patient to be included in the â€Å"MS-related fatigue group† (MS-F) they had to have stated in the questionnaire that fatigue: 1.is one of their three most disabling symptoms; 2. occurs daily or on most days of the week; and 3. limits their activities at home or at work. Patients who fulfilled none of these criteria were labeled MS non-fatigue group (MS-NF); those who had only one or two of the criteria were labeled â€Å"borderline† (Flachenecker et al., 2002 p. 524). This was another way of ensuring that only those who were truly fatigued were included in the group of MS patients with fatigue. It is also significant that Flachenecker, et al. (2002) used a depression screen as part of the evaluation of fatigue in MS.

What are the difference between the couples who decided to have a baby Essay

What are the difference between the couples who decided to have a baby or not - Essay Example First, young couples usually go through a lot of financial problems. Couples who decide to have babies at a young age, therefore, faces a lot of such problems. Usually, young couples have jobs with small basic salary. Raising a baby does not only require the couple to have enough money, but also adequate time to take care of the baby. This implies that the couple will not have enough time to develop their career and make more money like the couples without children who take adequate time when they are between 20 and 30 years old to move through various jobs and job groups that pay higher. As Pope Francis suggested, couples who decide not to have children are usually more energetic, younger and richer than before as they have enough of free time on their own to exercise and make money. On the contrary, a young couple with children usually has no or less control of their time and money because of their children. The young parents do not have adequate time on their own when their childr en are still small, unlike the couples without children who usually have all the time with each other. The young parents are also very cautious about their spending because of their inadequate salaries. When one is a young parent, they are also required to pick their children from school and drop them in the morning, unlike the childless couple. It is a big contrast with the childless couples who are frequently spotted hanging out with their friends after work. In general, the childless couple can be said to spend much of their time in social life than on family. Another difference between the childless couple and the couple with children is manifested in their ways of thinking. Young parents are usually considered as big children. This is so because, the young parents do not usually have adequate parenting experience. In most cases, being with their babies make them learn most of the things that take place in their babies lives, some of which

Real Estate Market in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Real Estate Market in US - Essay Example Working of the Real Estate Markets: Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have become major sources of financing for property acquisition and development. Sources of financing have been steadily moving from cabals of private investors to public equity, in the form of REITs. With this shift has come more transparency in the market and a slow whittling away of the old boys network for which real estate investment is infamous. This transparency also shines a critical light on investment strategies, which are now subject to public scrutiny, and are therefore more accountable to the will of investors. process. Residential real estate agents have traditionally provided a bundle of services to both buyers and sellers. For example, the local multiple listing service (MLS), which is a directory of listings typically maintained and paid for by local real estate firms, enables sellers to list their properties and buyers and agents to view these properties. Agents also often help with marketing a house through advertising and open houses, negotiating a price, and addressing contracting and closing issues. Examples include helping with inspections, mortgage insurance, and financing, to mention a few. Role of the Real Estate Market in the Society: The real estate mar... Real Estate business has helped in developing the huge shopping complexes, multiplexes, school buildings and many more. A good commercial real estate broker doesn't just find or sell property, the broker works like a member of the business owner's team to help fulfill business objectives for today and down the road. The real estate market gives us both the high densities of Manhattan and the sprawl of Los Angeles. The major difference between the two configurations is in the extent of regional sprawl and auto use. Another new feature of the real estate market is the growth of national real estate companies, and the appearance of several large publicly-traded corporations that specialize in real estate investment and sale. In addition, corporate investors from Europe and Asia have invaded parts of American territory. However, no matter what conceits the investors may have, these corporations don't create land value; they only trade in it. They adjust their strategies to local real estate markets, and only minimally contribute to shaping them. They join local landed interests in forming the foundation of pro-growth blocs. The many working class property owners reap minimal returns from their investments and are at greatest risk of displacement; they are even more the subject of market forces beyond their immediate control Apart from this the Real Estates Business provides employment opportunities to thousands of people. They employ people at various levels from the top management level to the bottom worker level. Even many uneducated people find the jobs in this sector. However, the jobs at lower levels are mostly of temporary nature. Effect of the Real Estate Market on Government Policies: Transnational investors may play the

E-Commerce systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce systems - Essay Example Each functional area is supported by the information system. Information system in which computer technology is used called Computer based information system. Some are being mentioned below: Information technology is used as a synonym of computer networks and computers. Information technology refers to the application of computer programs and telecommunication equipments that is done to pile up, manipulate, retrieve and convey data. According to Alter (2012) information technology is obliging for the improvement of internal processes, reduce cost, minimize waste, and decrease extra activities and increase development of product. Information technology provides support in marketing and selling processes. With the increasing use of internet and online activities, a new form of has emerged in the recent years. This is termed as online business or ebusiness or E-commerce business. E-business and e-commerce is used as synonym of each other, their distinction can be seen through the detailed study. E-commerce is considered a sub set of E-business. E-business is the usage of technologies in order to improve different business processes (Combe, 2012). E-business includes the management of internal and external processes for instance internal processes include administration, financial and human resource systems; and external processes include customer relationship, supply of services and goods, and marketing and sale activities. The utilization of internet, intranet and extranet is done through e-business for the empowerment of commercial processes (Ashrut, 2012). Combe (2012) stated that through Information technological development (formation of World Wide Web, hypertext transfer protocol and text mark language) consumers and businesses both are having several benefits such as the demand of businesses especially e-businesses is increasing rapidly. Through

What are the difference between the couples who decided to have a baby Essay

What are the difference between the couples who decided to have a baby or not - Essay Example First, young couples usually go through a lot of financial problems. Couples who decide to have babies at a young age, therefore, faces a lot of such problems. Usually, young couples have jobs with small basic salary. Raising a baby does not only require the couple to have enough money, but also adequate time to take care of the baby. This implies that the couple will not have enough time to develop their career and make more money like the couples without children who take adequate time when they are between 20 and 30 years old to move through various jobs and job groups that pay higher. As Pope Francis suggested, couples who decide not to have children are usually more energetic, younger and richer than before as they have enough of free time on their own to exercise and make money. On the contrary, a young couple with children usually has no or less control of their time and money because of their children. The young parents do not have adequate time on their own when their childr en are still small, unlike the couples without children who usually have all the time with each other. The young parents are also very cautious about their spending because of their inadequate salaries. When one is a young parent, they are also required to pick their children from school and drop them in the morning, unlike the childless couple. It is a big contrast with the childless couples who are frequently spotted hanging out with their friends after work. In general, the childless couple can be said to spend much of their time in social life than on family. Another difference between the childless couple and the couple with children is manifested in their ways of thinking. Young parents are usually considered as big children. This is so because, the young parents do not usually have adequate parenting experience. In most cases, being with their babies make them learn most of the things that take place in their babies lives, some of which

E-Commerce systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce systems - Essay Example Each functional area is supported by the information system. Information system in which computer technology is used called Computer based information system. Some are being mentioned below: Information technology is used as a synonym of computer networks and computers. Information technology refers to the application of computer programs and telecommunication equipments that is done to pile up, manipulate, retrieve and convey data. According to Alter (2012) information technology is obliging for the improvement of internal processes, reduce cost, minimize waste, and decrease extra activities and increase development of product. Information technology provides support in marketing and selling processes. With the increasing use of internet and online activities, a new form of has emerged in the recent years. This is termed as online business or ebusiness or E-commerce business. E-business and e-commerce is used as synonym of each other, their distinction can be seen through the detailed study. E-commerce is considered a sub set of E-business. E-business is the usage of technologies in order to improve different business processes (Combe, 2012). E-business includes the management of internal and external processes for instance internal processes include administration, financial and human resource systems; and external processes include customer relationship, supply of services and goods, and marketing and sale activities. The utilization of internet, intranet and extranet is done through e-business for the empowerment of commercial processes (Ashrut, 2012). Combe (2012) stated that through Information technological development (formation of World Wide Web, hypertext transfer protocol and text mark language) consumers and businesses both are having several benefits such as the demand of businesses especially e-businesses is increasing rapidly. Through

Germans Reaction to the British and American’s Occupation Essay Example for Free

Germans Reaction to the British and American’s Occupation Essay What was the reaction of the Germans to the British and American’s occupation in the West Germany region? The reasons for their occupation of the allied forces could be traced to the causes of the Second World War. After the Second World war was over conflict arose between the soviet union and the united states of America an its allies such as Britain and France and this led to the division of Germany into two regions that is, West Germany and East Germany. The allied forces occupied West Germany while the other part was for the Soviet Union. The bone of contention was about the future structure of Germany, the United States wanted a stable Germany that would grow economically and even help its ailing western European nations but the soviet union wanted Germany to be completely weakened so as it would never be able to cause another world war. This disagreement led to the eventual division that made the West German’s to protest against this occupation. They saw this as an aggression act for during the war the allied forces bombed the towns and cities in Germany. My main focus on this essay will be to discuss how the West Germans viewed the occupation of the Allied forces. According to the opinion polls that were done in Germany after the world war two showed that most West Germans were very pre-occupied with health, security and even physical survival and because of that they were much worried with the fate of their constitution. Drawing up a new constitution did not prove to be a very hard task as it was thought to be as there were a lot of constitutional drafts that had been drawn by the Germans who were in opposition to the Hitler’s ruling style. Most of those proposals were against dictatorship that the regime of Hitler was using and thus they were advocating for democratic model. The United States and the allied forces, which supported the free trade system of economy, were much worried about the communism spread after the Second World War. These forces were ready to do anything in their capacity to check its spread. Both USA and USSR had different interests that is, the US and its allied wanted to advance the capitalization mode of economy while the eastern European countries spearheaded by the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism. (Lammerder F. R 1999, 7) Most Germans were bitter because their friends who were in other countries were killed on suspicion that they supported the Vichy government. For example in France, more than two thousand five hundred people were killed in France. Women who were believed to have been cooperating with German soldiers were clean shaved and those who had a sign of Swatistika on their head were stripped naked in public. This did not go along well with Germans at home to see their fellow Germans in Diaspora being humiliated. (Nelson D. J. 1987: 48-57) Starting from May 7th 1995 more than eighty million members of the Nazi Party who were ardent supporters of the Nazi regime were greatly surprised to hear that their party had surrendered. They thought that all would be well little did they know the magnitude of difficulties that were awaiting them. Over the period of the four years that followed they were humiliated and frustrated by the western governments that occupied this region, which was created in 1945 at the Yalta Conference in 1945. The three forces after agreeing to demarcate this region set an allied control collectively pursued their goals such as demilitarization so as to pave way for democracy but as time went by, the Soviet Union distanced itself from the Western nations in terms of its economy. Soviet tried to disassemble Germany ruthlessly as a way of getting its reparations. It grabbed the state owned industries and everything that was alleged to be owned by the criminals and those who supported Hitler’s government were taken and confisticated. The allied control government also carried out some agrarian reforms that saw all tracts of land that belonged to the members of Nazi as well as those that were owned by the war criminals being taken away from them. This government reduced the size of land that one individual was supposed to possess to 1km2. About five hundred Junker estates were turned into settlement farms and over thirty thousand kilometer squared (30,000km2) of land was given to five hundred thousand landless peasants, casual laborers in the agricultural sector and to the refugees who were in the country. (Nelson D. J. 1987: 48-57)

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Rock and roll music and rap are the two most listened to genres by teens of the ages nine to twenty- five. Both genres are linked to the drug culture quite often through older music and music today. Rock and rap music communicate drug culture ideals to the impressionable youth through; Lyrics that speak about a drug experience, a trance-like rhythm that makes an experience either better or worse, and by the artists image in the media. All of these play a role on how the youth are influenced in society. Rock and roll has been linked to the drug culture for many years. Whether a song was written about a certain drug or whether the song was written on drugs has had society worried for its children. Children are always singing, whether with the music or just to themselves, but do parents listen to what they are singing? A popular rock band, named Green Day, have a few songs that reference illicit drug content. The song ‘Green Day contains lyrics that reference an experience after smoking marijuana. Here are some lyrics from the song: â€Å"A small cloud has fallen, The white mist hit the ground, My lungs comfort me with joy, Vegging on one detail, The rest just crowds around, My eyes itch of burning red, Picture sounds of moving insects so surreal, Lay around looks like I found something new, Laying in my bed, I think Im in left field, I picture someone, I think its you, Your standing so damn close, My body begins to swell, Why does 1+1 make 2?† Even though this song was written in 1990, it is still played on a few radio stations today. The album ‘1,039 Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, sold over five hundred thousand copies. And since then Green Day has become more popular with the youth. Green is only an example of todays music, but The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were huge role models as the drug culture started. The Beatles lyrics are descriptive of encounters with intoxicants and rely on the images and the insider knowledge associated with the meanings put forward by The Beatles (Blackman86). The Beatles had the world at their fingertips; they held the record for the most people to go deaf at a concert, not because the music was loud but because of the thousands of girls screaming at the top of their lungs (Blackman86). After the American tours, The Beatles songs moved onto new subjects with closer links to recreational drug use. On the song, ‘Tomorrow Never Knows, Lennon offers drug advice about the feeling bro ught on by drug consumption (Blackman85). In an interview by Queen and Life magazine in 1967, Sir Paul McCartney states that LSD ‘opened my eyes. It made me a better, more honest, and a more tolerant member of society (Uncut). Rock and roll lyrics speak more about an experience on an illicit drug while the next genre, rap, speak more about selling drugs to make money. Rap has not always been linked to the drug culture till about the 1990s. When children listen to the lyrics of certain rap songs, they hear how selling drugs or taking drugs to make life easier. According to Dr. Herd, an associate professor in the division of Community Health and Human Development at the University of California, illegal drug use became increasingly linked during the late 1990s to wealth, glamour, and social standing, when in comparison to earlier years, when rap music was more likely to have depicted the dangers and negative consequences of drug use (Yang). â€Å"Rap music is especially appealing to young people, many of whom look up to rappers as role models. As a public health researcher, and as a parent of a seven year old, I am concerned about the impact that long-term exposure to this music has on its listeners,† says Dr. Herd (Yang). Ludacris, who is popular with an age range from twelve to twenty-five, published a song called ‘Blueberry Yum Yum. Throughout the song, Ludacris raps about how excellent blueberry yum yum marijuana is. Here a few lines from this song: â€Å"Got a little bit of blueberry yum, yum And I never woulda thought that it could taste this good Thank God for the man who put it in my hood Its got me singin melodies I never thought I would Im feeling sorry for the homies who be smokin wood Chop chop, break it down for a player like ye Im ‘bout to find me a woman and skeet† This song was on the album, ‘The Red Light District and sold over twenty million copies worldwide (Blackman85). Ludacris is not the only rapper that sings about enjoyment of smoking marijuana other names are Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, and Eminem are a few examples of big name rappers that have followers of young ages listening to their lyrics and singing along. Adolescents are exposed to approximately two hundred and fifty-one references to explicit substance use per day (Parker-Pope). Adolescents are exposed to music more than any other type of media. An example is music compared to film. Adolescents listen to an average of sixteen hours each week of music compared to an average of six hours each week for films (Parker-Pope). Music is a powerful social force that taps into an individuals personal identity, memories, and mood. Lyrics are strong ways to communicate to the impressionable youth about the drug culture but there are more ways to communicate also like a trance-like rhythm. Rock and roll music and rap have many different types of sounds and beats. Shiela Whiteley, Building on Middleton and Muncies analysis, says there are stages of how rock and rap music influence drug use through a song. Whiteley says, â€Å"The first stage is manipulation of timbres, blurred, bright, tingly overlapping associated with the intensification of tripping; second stage, the upward movement in pitch which compares with the experience of being high; third, the characteristic use of harmonies lurching and oscillating which change focus; fourth, the sudden use of regular or irregular rhythms suggesting both the rush of a drug but also the trance-like condition of sounds capes and which acts to disorientate conventional musical structure, offering new enhancements from new technology employed in music and also through the process of hallucination† (Blackman100). Teens pick music to go with their drug experience. Rod Stanley, editor of ‘Dazed and Confused magazine, says in an interview if there was a new drug that came out in todays society, there would a new genre of music spring up over night, he continues to say young people work out the best music to experience a drug (Sampson). The image of the artist has always been a problem in the media and how parents can limit a child from listening to the artist music. Image is the most important part of todays world. How you look, talk, act, and present yourself is how the world will judge you. In contrast to the 1970s where artists like Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, or Elvis Presely were judge on their music. Jim Morrison died in 1971 of an apparent heart attack of an overdose, but is remembered dark and psychedelic lyrics and for occasionally taking off his clothes on stage. Drug deaths are highly romanticized in the world of popular music by the media, fans, musicians, and the industry (Blackman94). Drug induced deaths of pop stars establish new ‘consumer shrines that feed on and promote person and artistic mystery, followed by endless repackaging of existing material, remixes or releases of unsanctioned songs (Blackman94). Kurt Cobain, former lead singer of Nirvana, overdosed numerous times and was told to go to rehab but disappeared and committed suicide. Rap has a bad rap for its image because of how the artist presents themselves in th e media. Snoop Dogg has been arrested five times with the possession of marijuana (Whillans). Snoop Dogg is not the only one with a bad reputation on getting caught with marijuana. Such artists as Juvenile, Lil Wayne, Sir Paul McCartney, Keith Richards, and John McClure are just a few examples of popular

Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company Case Analysis Essay

Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company Case Analysis Legal Case Analysis Facts: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Cronan was a long-term New England Telephone Company (NET) employee (1973 - 1986), assigned at South Boston. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul was diagnosed with AIDS Related Complex (ARC) in 1985. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul informed his supervisor about ARC when asked about his third request to leave work for a medical appointment (1985). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul had a poor attendance history. His tardiness and medical appointments concerned his supervision. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul was granted NET sickness benefits in June 1985. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disparaging comments about Paul and AIDS were observed in NET restrooms (summer 1985). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul obtained medical permission to return to work with NET, but his requests for transfer way from the South Boston dispatch center were not processed by his new supervisor (August 1885). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NET issues new AIDS policy (September 1985). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul is hospitalized (September 1985), and receives a memo from NET offering to return him to his previous position with reasonable accommodation for limitations. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul files suit against NET for ?privacy law violations? and ?discrimination? using Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts (December 1985). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NET tried to move the case to Federal court and failed (January 1986). The court determined that neither federal law nor union contracts preempted Massachusetts state laws on discrimination and privacy. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NET informs Paul his illness benefits have run out and place him on long-term disability (June 1986). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul and NET settle out of court, including allowing Paul to return to work at Needham facility (October 1886). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS awareness training provided to NET personnel at Needham by medical AIDS specialists before Paul comes back to work (October 1986). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Paul?s first day back at NET Needham, he finds a hostile work environment and IBEW Local 2222 workers file a grievance over safety concerns related to exposure to AIDS (October 1986). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Paul?s second day back to work, 29 of 39 employees refused to enter the NET Needham facility and walked off the job. Several of these employees made statements regarding their fear AIDS and discomfort around Cronan (October 1986). Critical Legal Issues: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Was Paul Cronan discriminated against on the basis of a handicap, AIDS? ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Was AIDS/ARC a handicap? ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ... a large sum of money to go away (the easy way out). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NET could have accommodated Paul immediately and used his services doing something that prevented or limited his contact with employees or other people. This may have been a breech of union contract. Judgement and Rationale: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once errors were made and the damage was done, NET was best served by taking the actions they did in settling out of court with Paul Cronan. This minimized the extent of financial loss, and prevented further tarnishing their corporate image. In this case it was NETs responsibility to do the right thing from the beginning. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NET would have lost the legal battle in court. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 19732 clearly prohibits discrimination in employment against qualified individuals with a disability. Like the ADA, a qualified individual with a disability is a person who: (1) has a physical or mental impairment which ?substantially limits? one or more major life activities, (2) has a record of such impairment, or (3) is regarded as having such an impairment. In this case the court would likely have determined that AIDS and the perception of AIDS qualified it as a disability.