Lab Report Physical and Chemical Changes Sample

Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes Paper Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sugar, Sand, and Magnesium. Place small samples of each in the appropriate dishes. 2. Examine each sample with a magnifying glass and magnet and record your observations in the data table. 3. Put small samples of each substance in a test tube along with 3 ml of water to determine their solubility. 4. Mix some of the Iron and Sulfur on a clean disposable dish and examine the mixture with a magnifying glass and magnet. Record your observations in the data table. Save and label this mixture. 5. Mix some of the sand and Sodium Chloride on a clean disposable dish and examine the mixture with a magnifying glass and magnet. Then, place this mixture in a clean 100-ml beaker. Add 30 ml of tap water and stir. Prepare a filtration setup, filter, and record your observations. 6. Pour 10 ml of the filtrate into an evaporating dish, prepare a heating setup, and gently heat until all of the liquid is gone. Examine the residue in the evaporating dish and on the filter paper. 7. Using the crucible tongs, hold a dry piece of Magnesium ribbon in the flame. Quickly place the burning ribbon on the watch glass. Compare the appearance of the ribbon before and after burning. 8. Place the burnt remnants of the Magnesium into a clean test tube, and add 10 drops of Hydrochloric acid to it. Also, add 10 drops to the original Magnesium. Feel the bottom of each tube. 9. Put some sugar in a clean test tube and heat it. Watch for changes and periodically check for odors. Record your results. 10. Scrape some of the sugar residue into a clean test tube and add 3 ml of water to test its solubility. Record your results. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then add 5 drops of Hydrochloric acid to it and feel the bottom of the tube. 11. Add 5 drops of Hydrochloric acid to the test tube with the Sodium Bicarbonate dissolved in water. Feel the bottom of the tube and note the collection on the sides. 12. Place the sample of the Iron and Sulfur mixture into a clean test tube. Heat it vigorously for several minutes. Submerge the hot test tube into water. Test it for magnetism. Data and Observations: Data Table 1: Physical Properties of Matter Substance Physical State Color Odor Solubility Magnetism Sulfur solid yellow none partially no Iron solid brown rusty metal yes yes Sodium Bicarbonate solid white none yes no Sodium Chloride solid white none yes no Sugar solid white sweet yes no Sand solid tan none partially no Magnetism solid silver metallic no no Data Table 2: Observation of Physical and Chemical Changes System Observations Iron and Sulfur mixture with magnet Only the iron is magnetic; Sulfur is less clumpy Sodium Chloride and sand mixture With water Filtered Evaporated No reaction Sand stays in the filter Water evaporates; Salt stays in dish Magnesium burned in air Burns bright white Magnesium reacted with acid Temperature rises a little; Fizzes Combusted product reacted with acid Temperature rises a lot; Fizzes Sugar heated Smelled like burnt marshmallows; Smoked; Turned black Sodium Bicarbonate Temperature rises a little; Droplets form on inside of tube Calculations: There were no calculations made in this lab. Conclusion: Physical changes do not change the properties of the individual substances. Chemical changes will affect the properties. Lab Report Physical and Chemical Changes Sample Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes Paper Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sugar, Sand, and Magnesium. Place small samples of each in the appropriate dishes. 2. Examine each sample with a magnifying glass and magnet and record your observations in the data table. 3. Put small samples of each substance in a test tube along with 3 ml of water to determine their solubility. 4. Mix some of the Iron and Sulfur on a clean disposable dish and examine the mixture with a magnifying glass and magnet. Record your observations in the data table. Save and label this mixture. 5. Mix some of the sand and Sodium Chloride on a clean disposable dish and examine the mixture with a magnifying glass and magnet. Then, place this mixture in a clean 100-ml beaker. Add 30 ml of tap water and stir. Prepare a filtration setup, filter, and record your observations. 6. Pour 10 ml of the filtrate into an evaporating dish, prepare a heating setup, and gently heat until all of the liquid is gone. Examine the residue in the evaporating dish and on the filter paper. 7. Using the crucible tongs, hold a dry piece of Magnesium ribbon in the flame. Quickly place the burning ribbon on the watch glass. Compare the appearance of the ribbon before and after burning. 8. Place the burnt remnants of the Magnesium into a clean test tube, and add 10 drops of Hydrochloric acid to it. Also, add 10 drops to the original Magnesium. Feel the bottom of each tube. 9. Put some sugar in a clean test tube and heat it. Watch for changes and periodically check for odors. Record your results. 10. Scrape some of the sugar residue into a clean test tube and add 3 ml of water to test its solubility. Record your results. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Physical and Chemical Changes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then add 5 drops of Hydrochloric acid to it and feel the bottom of the tube. 11. Add 5 drops of Hydrochloric acid to the test tube with the Sodium Bicarbonate dissolved in water. Feel the bottom of the tube and note the collection on the sides. 12. Place the sample of the Iron and Sulfur mixture into a clean test tube. Heat it vigorously for several minutes. Submerge the hot test tube into water. Test it for magnetism. Data and Observations: Data Table 1: Physical Properties of Matter Substance Physical State Color Odor Solubility Magnetism Sulfur solid yellow none partially no Iron solid brown rusty metal yes yes Sodium Bicarbonate solid white none yes no Sodium Chloride solid white none yes no Sugar solid white sweet yes no Sand solid tan none partially no Magnetism solid silver metallic no no Data Table 2: Observation of Physical and Chemical Changes System Observations Iron and Sulfur mixture with magnet Only the iron is magnetic; Sulfur is less clumpy Sodium Chloride and sand mixture With water Filtered Evaporated No reaction Sand stays in the filter Water evaporates; Salt stays in dish Magnesium burned in air Burns bright white Magnesium reacted with acid Temperature rises a little; Fizzes Combusted product reacted with acid Temperature rises a lot; Fizzes Sugar heated Smelled like burnt marshmallows; Smoked; Turned black Sodium Bicarbonate Temperature rises a little; Droplets form on inside of tube Calculations: There were no calculations made in this lab. Conclusion: Physical changes do not change the properties of the individual substances. Chemical changes will affect the properties.

Fuel Cell Technology

Fuel Cell Technology Free Online Research Papers This paper investigates the physics behind the fuel cells.Starting from its meaning ,its historical origin,to frequently asked questions associated with it ,then we go into some research work performed on it and try to understand its results .Concluding the paper with discussing our own understanding in the topic. Introduction: Fuel Cell, device in which the energy of a chemical reaction is converted directly into electricity. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down; it operates as long as fuel and an oxidant are supplied continuously from outside the cell. A fuel cell consists of an anode, the negative end of an electric circuit, and a cathode, the positive end of an electric circuit, separated by an electrolyte. Electrolytes are substances that allow ions (particles formed when a neutral atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons) to pass through them. Fuel flows to the anode, and an oxidant flows to the cathode. The chemical reaction between the fuel and the oxidant produces an electric current. Fuel cells are different from conventional electrochemical cell batteries in that they consume reactant from an external source, which must be replenished -a thermodynamically open system. By contrast, batteries store electrical energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed system. Historical origin: In 1800, British scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle had described the process of using electricity to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. But combining the gases to produce electricity and water was, according to Grove, a step further that any hitherto recorded. Grove realized that by combining several sets of these electrodes in a series circuit he might effect the decomposition of water by means of its composition. He soon accomplished this feat with the device he named a gas battery– the first fuel cell. William Robert Grove (1811 -1896), a Welsh lawyer turned scientist, won renown for his development of an improved wet-cell battery in 1838. The Grove cell, as it came to be called, used a platinum electrode immersed in nitric acid and a zinc electrode in zinc sulfate to generate about 12 amps of current at about 1.8 volts. â€Å"Despite their modern high-tech aura, fuel cells actually have been known to science for more than 150 years. Though generally considered a curiosity in the 1800s, fuel cells became the subject of intense research and development during the 1900s.† SOURCE: PR-Inside.com Some FAQS(Frequently Asked Questions): (i) What is so interesting about fuel cells? Ans. Direct energy conversion (no combustion) No moving parts in the energy converter Quiet Demonstrated high availability of lower temperature units Siting ability Fuel flexibility Demonstrated endurance/reliability of lower temperature units Good performance at off-design load operation Modular installations to match load and increase reliability Remote/unattended operation Size flexibility Rapid load following capability (ii) Being so good and energy efficient why can’t I go out and buy a fuel cell? Ans. The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example,and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. (iii) What is the future potential of fuel cells technology? Ans. Fuel cells in vehicles combine very high-energy efficiency with zero exhaust emissions and potentially low noise without diminishing its performance and range. In the medium to long term, fuel cells have a strong energy saving potential for decentralised co- generation in households and buildings and for power production. In the long term they could replace a large part of the current combustion systems in all energy end use sectors. Different Types of fuel cells: Alkali fuel cell Molten carbonate fuel cell Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC) Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cell Alkali fuel cells operate on compressed hydrogen and oxygen.Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) use high-temperature compounds of salt (like sodium or magnesium) carbonates (chemically, CO3) as the electrolyte.Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC) use phosphoric acid as the electrolyte.Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells work with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a thin, permeable sheet.Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFC) use a hard, ceramic compound of metal (like calcium or zirconium) oxides (chemically, O2) as electrolyte.Alkali fuel cells have maximum efficiency(70-80%). Fig1.1: Alkali Fuel cell Fig1.2: Molten Carbonate Fuel cell Fig1.3: Phosphoric Acid and P.E.M fuel cell Table 1.1 Electrochemical Reactions in Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Anode Reaction Cathode Reaction Alkaline H2 + 2(OH)(-) ? 2H2O + 2e- H2 + 2(OH)- ? 2H2O + 2e- 1?2 O2 + H2O + 2e- ? 2(OH)- Molten Carbonate H2 + CO3(2-) ? H2O + CO2 + 2e- CO + CO3(2-) ? 2CO2 + 2e- 1?2 O2 + CO2 + 2e- ? CO3 (2-) Polymer Electrolyte and Phosphoric Acid H2 ? 2H(+) + 2e- 1?2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- ? H2O Solid Oxide H2 + O(2-) ? H2O + 2e- CO + O(2-)? CO2 + 2e- CH4 + 4O(2-) ? 2H2O + CO2+8e- 1?2 O2 + 2e- ? O(2-) In the next section , I am breifly discussing on a major problem related to fuel cell i.e storage of fuel , as we know hydrogen fuel cell is a potent energy source for future but its storage is a big challenge for scientists even today. Research Papers on Fuel Cell TechnologyBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Bose-Einstein Condensate Definition

Bose-Einstein Condensate Definition Bose-Einstein condensate is a rare state (or phase) of matter in which a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects to be observed on a macroscopic scale. The bosons collapse into this state in circumstances of extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero. Utilized by Albert Einstein Satyendra Nath Bose developed statistical methods, later utilized by Albert Einstein, to describe the behavior of massless photons and massive atoms, as well as other bosons. This Bose-Einstein statistics described the behavior of a Bose gas composed of uniform particles of integer spin (i.e. bosons). When cooled to extremely low temperatures, Bose-Einstein statistics predicts that the particles in a Bose gas will collapse into their lowest accessible quantum state, creating a new form of matter, which is called a superfluid. This is a specific form of ​condensation which has special properties. Bose-Einstein Condensate Discoveries These condensates were observed in liquid helium-4 during the 1930s, and subsequent research led to a variety of other Bose-Einstein condensate discoveries. Notably, the BCS theory of superconductivity predicted that fermions could join together to form Cooper pairs that acted like bosons, and those Cooper pairs would exhibit properties similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate. This is what led to the discovery of a superfluid state of liquid helium-3, ultimately awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bose-Einstein condensates, in their purest forms, experimentally observed by Eric Cornell Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1995, for which they received the Nobel prize.   Also Known As: superfluid

The Leader as a Strategist Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Leader as a Strategist Report - Assignment Example Analysis of the strategic cascade According to Michael E. Porter, strategy is the ability of the organization to make an informed decision about when, how and where to target the customers, set the desired objectives and facilitate resources and thereby make a difference between mangers who thinks strategically for future prospects. Therefore anticipating these desired movements into the current decision making process helps to set stage in order to create a competitive advantages. Porter had referred to operational effectiveness as â€Å"performing similar activities better than rivals† and referred strategic positioning as activities performed by organization in different way. Real strategy for an organization is to choose a different path in order to deliver mix of activities and values. According to Porter, strategy is about choices and not about what to do and what not. Thus it can be said that Strategy is all about combing the activities and Google has adopted the simila r strategy which has made it the top most search engine company across the globe. Business Strategy Target market Goggle has targeted both consumers and the business enterprises or the advertisers. Google searchable database favors the big business houses and the established merchants. Google deals with viral marketing and has been able to attract the attention of media for both paid and free promotions. Goggle has also targeted the software market; the search engine has let firms run the email calendar and other services in order to build in the offerings for the individuals (BBC News, 2006). Value proposition Goggle is search engine and it derives its value proposition by delivering with all the important and necessary information that is need by the target customers. Google value proposition is based on the concept of reaching people actively who are looking for information about the products and services online. Thus it becomes easier for a searcher to reach the concerned people who are looking exactly for the products or services that one is offering. Therefore the value to users and to the advertisers is aligned hence everybody wins, the advertisers and the users. And most important in Google when something is searched for, the ads are in the form of result that is meeting with the needs and wants of the customers. Positioning Google has positioned its products and services in the market and with its respective target market as a search engine which provides information about everything that the customer’s types in, which means that search with Google gets smarter and faster. One can share document without having to cut and paste through Gmail contacts and use all the necessary services. Google defines itself as the â€Å"perfect search engine† as it tends to understands what a customer wants and gives back exactly the desired information (Google-a, n.d). Google earns most of the revenue from advertising and is one of the most visited sites on the internet. In order to produce user fees, the company has supplemented their searches which are free with a service named Google Answers. Google pays about three quarter of its revenue who answers the question and keeps with it the other 25% of the fees. Fees start at a price of $2.50 and at an average point of $75 (Kotler, 2008, p.283).

Discussion topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Discussion topic - Assignment Example In this chapter, I have realized a number of things. First, I have realized that it is possible for a country to emerge from various challenges and focus on development. In this case, Cuba did not lag on its challenges, but used the challenges to achieving sustainability that is evident today and envied by various countries around the world. Moreover, it is clear that a government can be able to support its people, even when resources are few through proper management. Cuba has been able to use few resources to educate its citizens, provide adequate health, as well as provide other necessary requirements. In addition, it is not always good for the country to rely on foreign help in case of various challenges. Sometimes the country can find a solution to the problems locally. For example, in Cuba, the SPTP initiative has helped the country to overcome numerous domestic challenges. The country now produces and consumes resources in a sustainable manner. This should be used as a model by other countries especially the developing

Obsession in the gothic Essay Example for Free

Obsession in the gothic Essay To what extent do you agree that obsession is a significant element in the gothic writing you have studied? The word obsession means the domination of ones thoughts or feelings by a persistent idea, image or desire. With this in mind, both Faustus and Frankenstein show symptoms of monomania in relation to academic obsession. Similarly, in ‘The Bloody Chamber’ the characters that experience obsession are also male, however they are driven by a different obsession: sexual desire. In the prologue of ‘Doctor Faustus’ it already begins to establish Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and how this resulted in his tragic downfall. Firstly, the Chorus compares Faustus to the Icarus myth â€Å"his waxen wings did mount above his reach†, which suggests that Faustus’ fixation with necromancy is not a power he is supposed to possess, and that his fate will end similarly to Icarus. Furthermore, it states that Faustus â€Å"glutted† for â€Å"learning†. The word gluttony highlights that Faustus’ obsession for knowledge can only result in tragedy because it’s one of the seven deadly sins, and also indicates how extreme Faustus’ obsession is. This is because gluttony’s definition is to gorge yourself with something, and is often to the extent of harm. However, you could argue that Faustus’ greed is not completely based around academic knowledge, and he actually desires rival God in terms of power and knowledge. For instance, when Faustus is listing what he would â€Å"most, desires† he wanted strength that â€Å"exceeded†¦. the mind of man† and was in comparison to â€Å"a mighty god. † In comparison, Frankenstein also overstepped his reach in pursuit of his obsession, and comments that Robert should â€Å"learn† from his mistakes, and that it is â€Å"dangerous† for men who â€Å"aspire to become greater than this nature will allow. † These short quotations show us the viewpoint of Shelley during this period on enlightenment, as she was trying to symbolise a moral and didactic message throughout Frankenstein as a warning of all the forthcomings of what could happen if the exploration of science and knowledge became an obsession. For example, Frankenstein deliberately makes the creature monstrous by making him â€Å"proportionally large† at about â€Å"eight feet in height† because he wanted to finish his creation as soon as possible, and didn’t think about the consequences this would have for the creature when he actually succeeded in bring him to life. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† whilst obsession is not as significant as the other two texts, Carter uses masculine sexual obsession to critique how patriarchal our society still is. For example, in ‘The Snow Child† she is called the â€Å"child of his desire†. He wishes for her to be beautiful and nothing else, so it is clear that he is interested only in her appearance and her value as a sexual object. Furthermore, once she has fulfilled her purpose of becoming a sexual object, she dies. This could be Carter symbolizing that once a woman tries to become the objection of a mans obsessions and desires, it becomes impossible for her to ever live up to expectations, and therefore a death sentence.

Annotation Assignment: A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

Setting: 1. Chapter 1, page 1, #2: â€Å"I didn’t entirely like this glossy new surface† Analysis: This quote shows that the setting was at one point different to the author. It was not glossy and new. 2. Chapter 1, page 4, #2: â€Å"Devon is sometimes considered the most beautiful school in New England, and even on this dismal afternoon its power was asserted.† Analysis: This quote showing setting can be closely related to the character Finny. Much like the school, Finny is beautiful even in the midst of some of his hateful classmates. 3. Chapter 1, page 5, #3: â€Å"Moving through the soaked, coarse grass I began to examine each one closely, and finally identified the tree I was looking for by means of certain small scars rising along its trunk, and by a limb extending over the river, and another thinner limb growing near it. Analysis: This setting shows in detail a location which is directly tied to the author. He remembers the tree in such detail because this was the place were the main conflict in his life took place. Theme: 1. Chapter 3, page 5, #3: â€Å"A little fog hung over the river so that as I neared it I felt myself becoming isolated from everything except the river and the few trees beside it. The wind was blowing more steadily here, and I was beginning to feel cold.† Analysis: This quote has the affect of creating a foreboding mood as if something dreadful is about to happen to gene and the landscape is warning him. 2. Chapter 2, page 18, #3: â€Å"It was hypnotism. I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything.† Analysis: This quote is based on the theme of envy. It is clear that Gene feels that Phineas can get away with anything. The reader can tell that Gene hate him because of this. 3. Chapter 3, page 29, #1: â€Å"â€Å"Blitzkrieg†, repeated Finny doubtfully. â€Å"We could figure out some kind of blitzkrieg baseball,† I said. â€Å"We’ll call it blitzkrieg ball,† said Bobby. â€Å"Or just blitzball†Ã¢â‚¬  Analysis: This quote shows the theme of microcosm. The boys are so isolated from the rest of the world and the war, that they do not understand fully the horrors of war. So much so that they name a game after a German tank invasion were thousands of people died. 4. Chapter 5, page 53, #1: â€Å"I couldn’t figure out exactly what this word meant, whether It meant broken in one or several places, cleanly or badly, and I didn’t ask. Annotation Assignment: A Separate Peace :: essays research papers Setting: 1. Chapter 1, page 1, #2: â€Å"I didn’t entirely like this glossy new surface† Analysis: This quote shows that the setting was at one point different to the author. It was not glossy and new. 2. Chapter 1, page 4, #2: â€Å"Devon is sometimes considered the most beautiful school in New England, and even on this dismal afternoon its power was asserted.† Analysis: This quote showing setting can be closely related to the character Finny. Much like the school, Finny is beautiful even in the midst of some of his hateful classmates. 3. Chapter 1, page 5, #3: â€Å"Moving through the soaked, coarse grass I began to examine each one closely, and finally identified the tree I was looking for by means of certain small scars rising along its trunk, and by a limb extending over the river, and another thinner limb growing near it. Analysis: This setting shows in detail a location which is directly tied to the author. He remembers the tree in such detail because this was the place were the main conflict in his life took place. Theme: 1. Chapter 3, page 5, #3: â€Å"A little fog hung over the river so that as I neared it I felt myself becoming isolated from everything except the river and the few trees beside it. The wind was blowing more steadily here, and I was beginning to feel cold.† Analysis: This quote has the affect of creating a foreboding mood as if something dreadful is about to happen to gene and the landscape is warning him. 2. Chapter 2, page 18, #3: â€Å"It was hypnotism. I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything.† Analysis: This quote is based on the theme of envy. It is clear that Gene feels that Phineas can get away with anything. The reader can tell that Gene hate him because of this. 3. Chapter 3, page 29, #1: â€Å"â€Å"Blitzkrieg†, repeated Finny doubtfully. â€Å"We could figure out some kind of blitzkrieg baseball,† I said. â€Å"We’ll call it blitzkrieg ball,† said Bobby. â€Å"Or just blitzball†Ã¢â‚¬  Analysis: This quote shows the theme of microcosm. The boys are so isolated from the rest of the world and the war, that they do not understand fully the horrors of war. So much so that they name a game after a German tank invasion were thousands of people died. 4. Chapter 5, page 53, #1: â€Å"I couldn’t figure out exactly what this word meant, whether It meant broken in one or several places, cleanly or badly, and I didn’t ask.

The Survey of Adult Education

kiransielts. blogspot. com 1 IELTS GRAPHS Cambridge 1 test 1 The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the cost of adult education should be shared. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown below. How the cost of each course should be shared I am going to describe two graphs. The bar graph shows the reasons why adults choose to study and the pie charts show how the adults think the cost of each course should be shared.From the bar graph it is clear that the main reasons why adults opted for higher study were because of interest in subject and to gain qualifications. Nearly 40% gave this reason in the survey. Approximately 20% studied further because it was helpful for their present job and to improve their prospects of promotion. The same percentage also studied because they enjoyed studying. Around 12 % chose to study to be able to change jobs and the least 9% studied just to meet new people. From the pie chart we can infer that the individuals themselves wanted to spend only 40% of their fees for higher education.They wanted the employer to spend 35% and the taxpayer to spend 25% of their course fees. This ends my report. 9 12 20 20 22 38 40 0 10 20 30 40 To meet people To able to change jobs Enjoy learning / studying To improve prospects of promotion Helpful for current job To gain qualifications Interest in subject % Individual, 40% Taxpayer, 25% Employer, 35% kiransielts. blogspot. com 2 Cambridge 1 test 2 The diagram shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown below.The given picture graph illustrates the process of latest information on the weather so as to produce dependable forecasts. It is clear from the graph that mainly four st eps are involved in the process. The first stage in the process is the collection of the incoming information. This can be done through the satellite, radar and the drifting buoy. The data is collected on the satellite photo, radar screen and the synoptic chart. All this is then analysed for forecasting and fed into the computer. Finally it is broadcast on radio, telecast on TV and communicated as a recorded announcement through the phone.So, it can be seen that to produce authentic forecasts the data is collected through various sources, analysed and finally broadcast so that we can know beforehand what sort of weather we have to face in the coming time. kiransielts. blogspot. com 3 Cambridge 1 test 3 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. Expenditure on fast foods by income groups Consumption of fast foods 1 970-1990Two graphs are given. The column graph depicts the expenditure on fast foods by different income groups in Britain and the line graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods from 1970 to 1990. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups. They spent more than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per person per week) as on fish and chips or pizza (both under 20 pence). Average income earners spent 33 pence per person per week on hamburgers, which was the maximum they spent on any given fast food.This was followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence per person per week. Low income earners spent less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips remains their most popular fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza. From the line graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were the most popular fast food where as burgers and pizza were the least popular fast food at th at time. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza rose steadily over the 20 year period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips declined over that same period.There was a slight increase in popularity from 1985 to 1990. This ends my report. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 High Income Average Income Low Income Pence per person per week Hamburgers Fish and Chips Pizza kiransielts. blogspot. com 4 Cambridge 1 test 4 Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village. The map shows the development of Chorleywood village in between 1868 and 1994. Chorleywood park and golf coast lies in the centre of layout.To the south of this is the Chorleywood station. To the south of the Chorleywood Park, the darkly shaded area is developed in between 1922 and 1970. The horizontally shaded area around the station is developed in between 1883 and 1922. It can be seen from the grap h that the area north of Chorleywood station and the west of Chorleywood park and the golf course developed in between 1868 and 1883. The north, south and east of the Chorleywood Park, which is the diagonally shaded area, developed in between 1970 and 1994. We can assume from the map that on the west and north of Chorleywood Park and olf course, the dark line represents the main roads which run from north to south and west to east. On the east of Chorleywood Park and the golf course runs the motor way, which was built in 1970. The railway line south of Chorleywood Park and the golf course was built in 1909. It can be seen there has been development around Chorleywood station and along the motorway which runs from south to north. We can arrive at inference that there has been a considerable development in the village Chorleywood during the period of 1970 to 1994. kiransielts. blogspot. com 5 Cambridge 2 test 1The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below Consumer durables 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 Percentages of households with Central heating 38 43 48 52 55 59 60 64 Television 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 Video 18 Vacuum cleaner 87 89 92 92 93 94 95 Refrigerator 73 81 88 91 92 93 93 94 Washing machine 66 68 71 75 74 78 79 80 Dishwasher 3 3 4 4 5 Telephone 42 50 54 60 67 75 76 77The given table illustrates the percentage of British households who owned a range of consumer durables between 1972 and 1983. It is clear from the graph that this percentage increased over the years. The greatest increase was in telephone ownership, rising from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. Next was the central heating ownership, rising from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose by 21% over the same period and of those with a washing machine by 14%. Households with vacuum-cleaner s, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively.In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder. Over the period the proportion of British houses with central heating doubled and of those with a phone increased from under a half to over three-quarters. There were also big increases in the ownership of washing machines and refrigerators, which suggests rising living standards of the British people over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 6 Cambridge 2 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Leisure time in a typical week : by sex and employment status, 1989-99 The given column graph illustrates the hours of leisure time enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-99, according to gender and employment status. Among those employed full-time, men on average had a little l ess than fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had approximately thirty-eight hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time.This number was slightly more than women in full-time employment. In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time – approximately eighty hours, compared with seventy two hours for women. Housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-two hours of leisure, on average. There were no figures given for men (househusbands). Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time. 47 0 81 80 0 38 40 72 72 52 0. 00 0. 00 40. 00 60. 00 80. 00 100. 00 Hours of leisure time Males Females kiransielts. blogspot. com 7 Cambridge 2 test 3 The first chart below shows the results of a survey which sampled a cross-secti on of 100,000 people asking if they travelled abroad and why they travelled for the period 1994-98. The second chart shows their destinations over the same period. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY PURPOSE OF VISIT (1994-98) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Holiday 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700 Business ,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957 Visits to friends and relatives 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181 Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990 TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828 DESTINATIONS OF VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY MAIN REGION (1994-98) Western Europe North America Other areas TOTAL 1994 19,371 919 1,782 22,072 1995 18,944 914 1,752 21,610 1996 21,877 1,167 1,905 24,949 1997 23,661 1,559 2,227 27,447 1998 24,519 1,823 2,486 28,828 The given tables illustrate the reasons why U. K. residents visited abroad and the countries they visited between 1994 and 1998.The data is based on a survey conducted on 100,0 00 people. According to statistical Information, the main reason for traveling abroad was holidays, business, and visits to friends and relatives. Indeed, there was a steady increase in the number of holiday makers. While in 1996 there were about 17,896 who travelled abroad, in 1998 there were 20,700 of them. Travelling for business also increased from 3155 travellers in 1994 to 3957 travellers in 1994. Traveling abroad for visiting friends and relatives showed a steady Increase over the period.While there were about 2,628 travellers in 1995, the number increased to 3,181 in 1998. The number of people who travelled for other reasons not mentioned in the graph showed fluctuations. There was also a change in the destinations which people preferred for travelling. Western Europe was the most popular destination. In 1994, only 19,371 of the sample preferred to spend their holiday in that main region. There was an increase to 24,519 in 1998. North America and other areas also appeared fa vourable. In 1996, there were 1,167 going to North America and 1,905 to other areas.These numbers increased to 1,823 and 2,486 respectively. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 8 Cambridge 2 test 4 The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. The given column graph illustrates the figures for imprisonment in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada from 1930 to 1980. It is clear from the graph that there is considerable fluctuation in the figures for imprisonment from country to country.In Great Britain the numbers in prison have increased steadily from 30 000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. On the other hand, in Australia, and particularly in New Zealand the numbers fell markedly from 1930 to 1940. Since then they increased gradually and reached 50,000 and approximately 85,000 for Australia and New Zealand respectively. Canad a is the only country in which the numbers in prison decreased over the fifty year period, although there were fluctuations in this trend. The figures for the United States indicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to the other four countries.The prison population in the United States increased very rapidly from 1970 to 1980. This ends my report. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 in thousands Great Britain Australia New Zealand United States Canada kiransielts. blogspot. com 9 Cambridge 3 task 1 ( Same in Official materials ) The charts below show the number of Japanese tourists travelling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australia’s share of the Japanese tourist market. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. In this report I am going to describe a column graph and a line graph.The column graph shows the number, in millions, of Japanese tourists visiting other countries from 1985 to 1995 and the line graph shows the percentage of those Japanese tourists visiting Australia over the same period. The column graph clearly shows an upward trend in the number of Japanese tourists. This number was approximately 5 million in the year 1985 and reached 15 million by the year 1995. This number trebled over the decade. There were, however, minor fluctuations over the period. It is clear from the line graph that Australia got 2% share of Japan’s tourist market. This umber also grew three times and by 1995, reached 6% with some minor ups and downs in between. It can be concluded that Australia’s share of Japan’s tourist market grew comparably over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 10 Cambridge 3 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The given bar graph shows the amount of money the Germans, Italians, French and the British spend on consumer goods such as personal stereos, tennis racquets, perfumes, CDs, toys and photographic films.It is clear from the graph that Britain spends most heavily on the range of consumer goods included. In every case, British spend more than other countries. However, in the case of tennis racquets another country, Italy, spends almost the same. In contrast, Germany is generally the lowest spender. This is most evident in photographic film, where Germany spends much less than Britain. However, in tennis racquets and perfumes, Germany spends more than France. Meanwhile, France and Italy generally maintain middle positions. France spends more on CDs and photographic film but less on tennis racquets than Italy does.Italy’s spending on personal stereos is only marginally greater than that of France, while spending on toys is equal between the two. It is clear from the data given that there are some significant differences in spending habits within Europe. 100 120 140 160 180 Pho tographic film Toys CDs Perfume Tennis racquets Personal stereos Thousand pounds sterling Germany Italy France Britain kiransielts. blogspot. com 11 Cambridge 3 test 3 The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Average years of schooling Scientists and technicians per thousand people Spending on research and development The three column graphs illustrate the average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and the spending on research and development in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990.People in developing nations attended school for an a verage of around 3 years, with only a slight increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled from a little over 40 to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in eveloping countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only $25 billion. This ends my report. 0 2 4 6 8 10 1980 1990 Years of schooling Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 20 40 60 80 1980 1990 Per thousand people Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 100 200 300 400 1980 1990 US $ billions Developing countries Industrialised countries kiransielts. blogspot. com 12 Cambridge 3 Test 4 The graph below shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between March 1993 and March 1999.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below The given line graph compares the unemployment rates between U. S. and Japan from March 93 to March 99. It can be seen from the graph that the unemployment rates in Japan increased over the period whereas that of America decreased over the period. In March, 1993, United States had seven percent of unemployed workforce which was three times more than that of Japan, where 2. 5% were unemployed. However, the unemployment rate in United States began declining slowly since March 1993, and reached 5% mark in the middle of 1996.Japan’s unemployment rate, however, doubled in three years. From then on, the percentage of unemployed workforce in United States remained roughly the same at about 5% until March 99, although there were minor fluctuations in the unemployment rate. As for Japan, the percentage of unemployed grew steadily but with fluctuations to reach 5. 0% in March 1999. The major conclusion that can be drawn using the graph, is that number of unemployed in USA decreased by about 2. 0% in the course of six years, while in Japan it actually increased by 2. 5% percent. As a result, in March 99, both Japan and U. S. ad about 5% of their work force unemployed. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 13 Cambridge 4 AC Task 1 The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity is used in an average English home. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the daily demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer while the pie chart outlines how electricity is taken into use in an average English household.From the graph, it is evident that the daily demand for elec tricity is generally more in winter than in summer. The consumption of electricity fluctuates at an average level of 40,000 units in winter. The least demand for electricity is at about 7 am and after that, it increases steadily and peaks at nearly 10 pm after which it again falls at midnight. As for summer, the demand for electricity is just under 20,000 units throughout the day. It gets to its peak at 2 pm 10 pm and bottoms at 9 am. The pie chart illustrates that 52. % of electricity is used for heating rooms and water. Around 17. 5% of electricity is provided for ovens, kettles, washing machines. 15% each is used for lighting, TV, radio and for vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 14 Cambridge 4 AC task 2 The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevan t. Write at least 150 words.Family type Proportion of people from each household type living in poverty single aged person 6% (54,000) aged couple 4% (48,000) single, no children 19% (359,000) couple, no children 7% (211,000) sole parent 21% (232,000) couple with children 12% (933,000) all households 11% (1,837,000) The given table illustrates the breakdown of the different type of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively. Couples without children generally tended to be better off with only 7% in poverty whereas those with children were 12% . It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time. Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. kiransielts. blogspot. com 15 Cambridge 4 AC task 3 The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Post-school qualifications in Australia according to gender 1999 The given bar graph gives information about the percentage of men and women ho held different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia in 1999. It is clear that gender differences were more pronounced in some fields than others. We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest di fference was at the lowest post-school level, where 90% men held a skilled vocational diploma compared with only 10% women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Master's graduates. Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelor's degree, however. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Masters degree Postgraduate diploma Bachelor's degree Undergraduate diploma Skilled vocational diploma % Females Males iransielts. blogspot. com 16 Cambridge 4 test 4 The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Visits to and from the UK Most popular countries visited by UK residents 1999 Two graphs are given. The line graph shows data on the number of visits abroad by British people and visits from overseas residents to the UK, while the bar chart provides the figures of the popular countries chosen by UK residents to travel to.It is clear from the graph that the visits made by UK residents are more than the visits made to the UK by overseas residents. The trend for overseas visitors climbed steadily over the period of 20 years, from 10 million visits in 1979 to over 25 million in 1999. On the other hand, the visits made by the British had a significant increase of 41 million trips in the same period, from 11 million to 52 million. In 1999, over 12 million UK residents visited France, which was the most popular country of all, while a lesser number (9 million ) of travellers went to Spain.Visitors from other countries such as the USA, Greece, and Turkey had approximately 9 million visitors altogether. 0 5 10 15 Franc e Spain USA Greec e Turke y Millions of UK visitors kiransielts. blogspot. com 17 Cambridge 5 Test 1 The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given picture graph shows two potential sites for a supermarket that is planned there.Both sites have their pros and cons. The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon which is 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult. Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 18 Cambridge 5 test 2The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Underground Railway systems City Date opened Kilometres of route Passenge rs per year (in millions) London 1863 394 775 Paris 1900 199 1191 Tokyo 1927 155 1927 Washington DC 1976 126 144 Kyoto 1981 11 45 Los Angeles 2001 28 50 The given table illustrates data about the underground railway systems in six cities which are London, Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto and Los Angeles.London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 147 years old. Paris is the second oldest, which was opened in the year 1900. This was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size, London has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system.It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of Londo n. Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometres of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 million passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year. Overall it can be seen that, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the site of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. iransielts. blogspot. com 19 Cambridge 5 test 3 The graph below shows the proportion of population aged 65 and over between 1940 1nd 2040 in three different countries. Summarise the information †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The given line graph illustrates the proportion of 65+ year olds in Japan, Sweden and U. S. A. from 1940 to the present time with a prediction till 2040. Overall, it can be seen from the graph that in all three countries, the percentage of elderly pe ople is expected to increase by the year 2040. In 1940, the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the U.S. However, while the figures for U. S. A. and Sweden grew to about 15% in 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2. 5% for much of this period before rising to almost 5% again at the present time. It is expected that, the proportion of the elderly will continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A most dramatic increase is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is projected that the proportion of the elderly will be similar to all the three countries. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 20 Cambridge 5 test 4The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from their employers. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant . Two column graphs are given. The first column graph shows the proportion of people of different age groups who studied for career or for interest. The second graph shows the amount of support they got from their employers in terms of time off or fees. From the first graph it is clear that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age.Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds study for career reasons. In contrast, the study because of interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.The second gr aph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % Age Reasons for study according to age of student For career For interest 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % AgeEmployer support, by age group (Time off and help with fees) kiransielts. blogspot. com 21 Cambridge 6 Test 1 The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000 Country Population Irrigated land W ater consumption per person Brazil 176 million 26,500 km 2 359 m 3 Democratic Republic of Congo 5. 2 million 100 km 2 8 m 3 A line graph and a table are given.The line graph shows the water used worldwide in industries, agriculture and in households from 1900 to 2000. The table shows the water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000. It is clear from the line graph that throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km? to around 3,000 km? in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km? , while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km? both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture. The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2000. The amount of irrigated land in Brazil was 26,500 km? whereas that in the D. R. C. was only 100 km?. This means that a huge amount of water was used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359 m? compared with only 8 m? in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some countries.This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 22 Cambridge 6 test 2 The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Average distance in miles travelled per person per year by mode of travel 1985 2000 Walking 255 237 Bicycle 51 41 Car 3,199 4,806 Local bus 429 274 Long distance bus 54 124 Train 289 366 Taxi 13 42 Other 450 585 All modes 4,740 6,475The given table demonstrates the different modes of travel in England in 15 years from 1985 to 2000. In general, some modes gained popularity while the others became less popular. The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with their average miles increasing considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. The average miles covered by distance buses and taxis trebled over the period. Travelling on foot, by bicycles and by local buses lost popularity in the one and a half decade.Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, whilst the number of miles covered on foot and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 respectively. Despite the decreases, however, the total miles travelled grew from 4,740 to 6,475. Overall, the total travelling distance in the country grew in 15 years. Cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and other modes of travel were more popular and walking, bicycling and local transportation less popular. kiransielts. blogspot. com 23 Cambridge 6 test 3The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Two processes are given. The cyclical process shows the lifecycle of the silkworm. The linear process shows the production of silk cloth. It can be seen from the first diagram that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves.This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are used for the production of silk cloth. First of all, they are boiled in water and the th reads can be separated by unwinding them. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long. The threads are then twisted together, dyed and finally used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process. kiransielts. blogspot. com 24 CAMBRIDGE 6 TEST 4 The charts below give information about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Number of marriages and divorces in the U. S. A. 1970-2000 Marital status of adult Americans, 1970 and 2000The two bar charts compare the number of married and divorced people in USA over a span of 30 years from 1970 to 2000 and the overall marital status of US adults in 1970 and 2000. As can be seen from the first chart, over the period of 30 years, the number of marriages experienced a steady fall while the number of divorces fluctuated. To begin with, in 1970 and 1980, the number of marriages in USA stood at 2. 5 million. However, divorces were 1 million in 1970 and increased to 1. 4 million in 1980. There was a steady fall in the numbers of marriages after 1980 and the number reached 2 million by 2000. Divorces decreased slightly from 1. million in 1990 to 1 million in 2000. The year 1980 witnessed the greatest number of divorces and meanwhile, the number of divorces in 2000 drew even with that in 1970. As we look at the other chart, we see that the percentages of those who were never married increased from 14% to 20% and those who chose to end their marriages by divorce increased from 1% to 9% by 2000. In terms of the other two categories, namely, married and widowed, the figures for 1970 were higher than those for 2000. The percentage of married decreased from 70% to 60% and those widowed decreased from 6% to 5% over the years. This ends my report. 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 1970 1980 1990 2000 millions Marriages Divorces 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Never married MarriedWidowedDivorced Percentage of adults 1970 2000 kiransielts. blogspot. com 25 Cambridge 7 test 1 The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2002 Country Food/Drinks/tobacco Clothing/Footwear Leisure/Education Ireland 28. 91% 6. 43% 2. 21% Italy 16. 6% 9. 00% 3. 20% Spain 18. 80% 6. 51% 1. 98% Sweden 15. 77% 5. 40% 3. 22% Turkey 32. 14% 6. 63% 4. 35% The given table illustrates the amount of money spent by the Irish, Italians, Spanish, Swedes and Turks on different items in 2002. Overall, it can be seen that people of all countries spent the maximum on food/drinks and tobacco and the minimum on leisure and education. The people of Turkey spent approximately a third of their income (32. 14%) on food, drink and tobacco which was closely followed by the people of Ireland at 28. 91%. The Italians, Spanish and Swedes spent 15-20 % on these items.The Italians outstripped all others in spending on clothing and footwear. They spent 9% on these items whereas all others spent between 5% and 7% on these items. All the countries spent the least amount on leisure and education (less than 5%). However the Spanish spent below 2% on these which was the lowest among all. It can be said that in 2002, the consumer expenditure on various items had some similarities and some differences. kiransielts. blogspot. com 26 Cambridge 7 test 2 The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams). However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively.The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams. Therefore, although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over th e period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 27 Cambridge 7 test 3The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage change in average house prices in five cities 1990-2002 compared with 1989 The given column graph illustrates the changes in average house prices in five different cities located in five different countries from 1990 to 2002 as compared to the prices in 1989. There were considerable variations in the average house prices over the period.During the period from 1990 to 1995, the average house prices fell significantly by 5% in New York(U. S. A. ), 7. 5% each in Tokyo(Japan) and London(U. K. ) whereas the average house prices increased slightly by 2% and 2. 5% in Madrid (Spain) and Frankfurt(Germany) respectively. In the next seven year period, th e average house prices fell only in Tokyo by 5% whereas the prices increased in all other four cities. The increase was most pronounced in London, where it was 12%. In all other cities it was below 5%, the least (2%) being in Frankfurt.It is clear that the average house prices picked up most in the latter seven years of this 12 year period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 28 Cambridge 7 test 4 The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given pie charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 in Australia, a total of 100 units of electricity were produced out of which half the amount of electricity was produced from co al and the rest was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal was used to produce more than 75% of electricity and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%. A negligible amount (2 units each) was produced from oil and natural gas. In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas.The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power. kiransielts. blogsp ot. com 29 GRAPHS FROM IELTS BOOKS Step up to IELTSThe pictures below show how someone can be tracked using an electronic tracking device. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. The diagram illustrates how an electronic tracking device can be fitted to someone's clothing or hidden in a bag, in order to allow that person to be tracked and located. There are three basic stages to the process. The first stage in the tracking process is to hide the device (the tracker) in an appropriate place such as a bag or the person’s clothing. The location of the device is monitored by satellite. A message is transmitted from the device to a transmission tower.It is received and then re-transmitted as a text message to a mobile phone indicating exactly where the person is. His or her location can also be picked up on a computer / internet website. The device is able to provide details such as the name of the street or pinpoint a specific place on a map/scr een. A device of this nature could be very effective as a means of tracking and locating someone such as a school child. kiransielts. blogspot. com 30 Step up to IELTS The diagram below contains information about distribution of water usage in Australia and the average household water usage in Australia.Write a report for a university lecturer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. A. Distribution of water usage in Australia B. Average household water usage in Australia The given column graph and pie chart relate to different aspects of water consumption in Australia. The column graph provides an overview of how water is used generally, whereas the pie chart gives a breakdown of household water usage. From the column graph we can see that a slightly higher percentage of water goes on irrigation than on urban usage, 45 per cent in fact, while the proportion of water used in industry is approximately 10 per cent, is far smaller than in either of these other areas.From the chart we can see that by far the largest proportion of domestic water, well over 50% in fact, goes into gardens and swimming pools. Drinking and cooking account for a smaller volume of water consumption than personal hygiene and clothes washing, which together make up about 25%. A very small percentage of water is used for other purposes which are not identified in the chart. When read together, the two charts provide a useful overview of water use in Australia. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Urban usage Irrigation Industry Other Purposes for which water is used ( is shown as percentage of total) Gardens / wimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other Gardens / swimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other kiransielts. blogspot. com 31 Step up to IELTS The diagrams below contain information about land and light penetration under the ocean. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The two diagrams illustrate the shape and formation o f the land under the sea. The first profile provides a cross section of the coast of a continent beneath the surface of the sea, and illustrates that the continental shelf oes to a depth of approximately 200 metres below sea level. The land then drops abruptly to the bottom of the ocean, which is known as the sea floor. The second diagram focuses on the depth of the ocean and the amount of light that penetrates to the bottom. Sea level is shown as 0 m and the first 200 m below the surface is referred to as the sunlight zone. This is where the continental shelf ends. Below this is the twilight zone, which descends for 800 m. The water temperature shown is approximately 5 °C in this zone. The area between 1000 m and 4000 m is known as the dark zone, with a water temperature of I-2 °C.Almost no light can penetrate this far down. Profile across the sea coast of a continent (not to scale) Depth zones of the ocean kiransielts. blogspot. com 32 Step up to IELTS The chart and graph belo w give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Two graphs are given. The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the line graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17. 1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product worldwide.The largest consumer was North America, where 30. 4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20. 5 and 16. 4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales. Form the line graph it is clear that since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $70 per share. They d ipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98.From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000. This ends my report. North America , 30. 4 Latin America, 25. 7 Europe, 20. 5 Asia, 16. 4 Africa and Middle East, 7 A lot of bottles -Coca-Cola's unit case volume by region, 2000, % of total ( Total -17. 1 bn) kiransielts. blogspot. com 33 Step up to IELTS The chart below gives information about global sales of games software, CDs and DVD or video. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. ? You should write at least 150 words. ? You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The given column graph shows the sales of video material / DVDs, games software and CDs around the world in billions of dollars from 2000 to 2003. It can be seen that the sales of videos / DVDs and games software increasedconsiderably, while the sales of CDs went down slightly over the three year period. Between 2000 and 2003 , the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13 billion dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold, but in 2003, this figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars. The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply.Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. By contrast, during the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35 billion dollars in 2000 to about 32. 5 billion dollars in 2003. kiransielts. blogspot. com 34 Step up to IELTS The tables below show average yearly temperatures and rainfall for two cities in Australia. Describe the charts and make comparisons where relevant. Average yearly temperatures and rainfall for Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia Brisbane climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max ° C 29 27 21 26 Min ° C 21 17 11 16Rainfall mm 169 86 66 102 Rainy days 14 11 7 10 Melbourne climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max ° C 26 20 13 20 M in ° C 14 11 4 9 Rainfall mm 48 57 49 67 Rainy days 8 12 15 14 The given tables compare the average annual temperatures and rainfall for two cities Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia. It can be seen from the tables that there are some similarities and some differences in the climates. Brisbane and Melbourne have similar climates. However, we can see from the information provided that Brisbane is warmer than Melbourne although the differences in temperature are not huge.One interesting point is that the temperature in Brisbane never falls below 11 ° C, even in winter in July. Melbourne on the other hand experiences colder winters with average minimum temperatures as low as 4 °. Both Melbourne and Brisbane have good annual rainfall. Brisbane, however, receives almost twice as much rain as Melbourne, while it has fewer wetter days. The wettest months in both cities are January and October, although neither city has a totally dry season, according to the data. So we can see that the climates of both cities have some similarities and some variations. iransielts. blogspot. com 35 Step up to IELTS The graph below shows the world oil production since 1980 with a forecast till 2020. Write a report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The graph gives the past, present and future data concerning the production of the world’s oil in OPEC and non-OPEC countries. The figures show that while the production of oil in Middle Eastern OPEC countries is predicted to increase considerably, oil production elsewhere is likely to fall. Between 1980 and 2000, most of the world’s oil came from non-OPEC countries; only two million barrels were produced by OPEC countries.Since then these figures have changed considerably. Between 2000 and 2010, it is shown that approximately 10 million has come from Middle Eastern OPEC countries, while a further 10 million barrels has been provided by other OPEC or non-OPEC countries. It is predicted that oil production is likely to stabilise between 201 0 and 2020. However, a lot more of this oil is expected to come from the Middle Eastern OPEC countries, and under 5 million barrels per day from other areas. 0 5 10 15 20 1980-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020 Forecast in the world oil production -million barrels / dayNon OPEC Other OPEC OPEC Middle east kiransielts. blogspot. com 36 Prepare for IELTS – AC The following diagram shows nitrogen sources and concentration levels in the groundwater of a coastal city. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. This diagram shows the sources and concentration levels of nitrogen in the groundwater of a coastal city. It can be seen from the diagram that nitrogen is oxidised by lightning or fixed by vegetation. Domestic wastes and fertilizers used in gardens also add to the nitrogen in the water table.Industries add nitrogen through leaks from storage tanks and wastewater ponds, and the disposal of waste in landfills may lead to more nitrogen entering the water tabl e. The heaviest concentration of nitrogen comes from industry, from household liquid waste, and from landfill. The groundwater flows toward the sea and discharges into the ocean in the groundwater discharge zone. From the water table, some nitrogen is taken up by soil particles. Nitrogen is also added back to the soil by de-nitrification and degassing of ammonia.Therefore the concentration tends to decrease near the saltwater interface and between the areas of high concentration of nitrogen which descend from industry and waste disposal. In this way the nitrogen cycle goes on. kiransielts. blogspot. com 37 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The table below shows consumer preferences for the features of automatic washing machines in different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. EXHIBIT ONE: CONSUMER PREFERENCES AS TO AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINE FEATURES, BY COUNTRY FEATURES UNITEDKINGDOM GE RMANY FRANCE SWEDEN Shell dimensions [height and width] 34†³ & narrow 34†³ & wide 34†³ & narrow 34†³ & wide Drum material Enamel Stainless steel Enamel Stainless steel Loading Top Front Front Front Capacity 5 kilos 6 kilos 5 kilos 6 kilos Spin speed 700 rpm 850 rpm 600 rpm 800 rpm Water heating system Yes No No Yes Styling features Inconspicuous appearance Indestructible appearance Elegant appearance Strong appearance Washing action Agitator Tumble Agitator Tumble The table shows consumer preferences for washing machines in four different European countries.In the United Kingdom [UK) and France consumers prefer 34†³ and narrow shells whereas in Germany and Sweden they prefer 34†³ and wide shells. The load capacity varies slightly between 5 and 6 kilos. The preferred spin speed ranges from 850 rpm [Germany], 800 rpm [Sweden], 700 rpm [UK], to 600 rpm [France]. The preferred drum material is enamel in the UK and France whereas it is stainless steel in the other countries. Consumers in every country except the UK prefer front loading to top loading machines. The British and the Swedes opt for a water heating system, but this is not so elsewhere.Each country has a different preference for styling features, the British favouring an inconspicuous appearance, the Germans requiring a machine which looks indestructible, the French an elegant machine and the Swedes a strong-looking machine. The final feature, the washing action, sees a division between the UK and France where consumers prefer an agitator, and the other countries where a tumble action is preferred. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 38 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The following graphs give information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment sectors of a developing country.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Sectoral distribution of employment and GDP,1992 Em ployment GDP Natural Resources 77. 4% 19. 2% Industry 3. 6% 15. 4% Services Trade, restaurants, hotels 4. 9% 37. 1% Transport. communication 1. 6% 8. 4% Government 8. 7% 12. 5% Other 3. 8% 7. 4% TOTAL 100% 100% The table shows the percentage of people employed in different sectors of the economy in 1992, and the percentage of GDP which they produced. The main economic sectors are natural resources, industry and services.The line graph shows the trends in the percentage of GDP between 1986 and 1995. The first graph reveals that although 77. 4% of the population worked in natural resources in 1992, they produced only 19. 2% of GDP. However, the 3. 6% of the population who worked in industry produced 15. 4% of GDP, and the 15. 2% who worked in the service sector produced 58% of GDP. The second graph shows that the percentage of GDP in the services sector fell steadily from approximately 65% to 53%. In 1986 natural resources provided more than 25% of GDP, but this declined to less than 20% in 1992, recovered in 1993 but fell below 20% in 1995.Industry earned less than 10% of GDP in 1986, but rose to almost 20% in 1995. The two graphs reveal that GDP was earned primarily by the service sector. kiransielts. blogspot. com 39 Prepare for IELTS – AC – Insearch The graphs below show the enrolment of overseas students and local students in Australian universities over a ten year period. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Enrolments 1989-1999 The two graphs show student enrolment trends over a ten-year period, from 1989-1999, in Australian universities.The first graph illustrates overseas student enrolments and the second local student enrolments. The first graph clearly shows that new overseas students continue to enrol in Australian universities. In 1999 there were approximately 80,000 overseas students [around half of whom were new students). The rate of increase in the number of ov erseas students has been dramatic, doubling every five years, from just under 9,000 in 1989, to 20,000 in 1994 and then over 40,000 in 1999. The local student population was around 600,000 in 1999 with just 200,000 of these being new students.This was just 33% of the local total. It was a significant decline from 50% ten years before, when the total local student population was 400,000 out of which approximately 200,000 were new students. The trends clearly demonstrate that growth can be expected to continue from overseas students but not for local students. The two graphs clearly demonstrate increasing demand for Australian university education by overseas students [increasing 400%] with a significantly smaller increase by local students [just 50%J for this period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 40 Prepare for IELTS – AC – InsearchThe graphs below show the post-school qualifications held by Australians in the age groups 25 to 34 and 55 to 69. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting main features, and make comparisons where relevant. POST SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS 357,500 Australians aged between 25 and 34 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were: 104,800 Australians aged between 55 and 69 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were: These two pie charts show the differences between two groups of Australians [25 to 34 and 55 to 69 year olds] in terms of their post-school qualifications.The most striking feature of the pie charts is the huge number of people with qualifications. The younger group is more than three times bigger than the older group [347,500 compared to 104,800). Comparing the two groups, architecture and medicine were less popular with younger graduates; medicine was lower in popularity by almost 4%. However, the biggest loss was to engineering, which was preferred by 19. 27% of the older age group as compared to 9. 35% of the younger age group. Some subjects were more popular with the younger age group.The biggest g ains in graduate numbers were made by Science, Maths and Computers which, as a group, were held by 18. 19%. Administration was 4. 1% more popular in the 25 to 34 year olds. To sum up, the graphs show that the number of young graduates were threefold more than the number of older graduates. Social Sciences, Arts, 19. 48% other, 2. 24% law, 5. 54% medicine, 7. 40% Architecture, 1. 85% Engineering, 9. 36% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 10% Science, Mths, Computers, 18. 19 % Education, 14. 76% Administration, 19. 08% Social Sciences, Arts, 20. 42% other, 2. 48% law, 3. 34% medicine, 11. 31% Architecture, 2. 92% Engineering, 19. 7% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 00% Science, Mths, Computers, 10. 11 % Education, 13. 17% Administration, 14. 98% kiransielts. blogspot. com 41 Ac task 1 High Impact The graph shows typical levels in enthusiasm, confidence and ability of students attending a ten week IELTS class. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below. The giv en line graph shows the changes in three factors affecting students over a ten week period in an IELTS class. Overall it can be seen that ability increases a lot over the ten week period and confidence also increases but enthusiasm drops over the time.The most striking point is that at the beginning of the course, students' enthusiasm is almost 100 per cent whereas confidence and ability are only slightly above 20 per cent. Over the first four weeks, both confidence and ability increase, while enthusiasm declines steadily until the sixth week. Confidence takes a sharp fall but then rises

Commercial Arable Farming Essay

Seeds Breeders keep bringing out new varieties that are more productive than their predecessors. This is achieved in several areas, better resistance to disease, better standing power (we do not want crops flat on the ground at harvest time) greater tonnage with better quality characteristics. The future is genetic modification (GM) assuming this is put in place with the appropriate level of environmental sensitivity and consequential research. The simple fact is that if it can be made to work we will be able to design plants that will no longer need spraying. These plants will be specifically designed to withstand the diseases and predators in the environment in which they are grown. The only sprays required will be roundup (which biodegrades naturally within ten days) to control all weeds growing in the crop and an herbicide that kills the volunteer crop after harvest. We are talking of an organic utopia. No wonder the Organic lobbies having invested in there so called conversion are so opposed to cheap organic food for all. We are talking vested interests, no moral high ground here. The other major plus of GM is the potential to design crops for the specific purpose of industrial end use such as medicines plastics and oil. The benefit other than renew ability of these organic products would be to take significant arable acres away from growing food. The result might be to see slightly more expensive food, good for this vested interest! Factors Commercial agriculture contains six key factors: 1. Location Commercial farms must move their products to market. Farms need to be located near transportation systems. Trucks, ships, planes, and trains are several ways that products can be moved from where they are grown or made to where customers can buy them. 2. Climate A farm’s soil, as well as the climate of the region in which it is located, determine what crops will grow there or whether the land can support livestock. The temperature and rainfall can also determine the type of crop grown. For example, oranges must be grown in a hot climate. They will not grow if the temperature is too cold. 3. Raw Materials A commercial farm depends on raw material. For example, a farmer will plant grain to get wheat. A farmer will have dairy cows to produce milk. Seeds and animals are two examples of raw materials used in commercial agriculture. 4. Market Forces Supply and demand are important for selling agricultural products. If there is a high deman for a product and low supply, the price will be increased. 5. Labour People who work on farms provide different types of labour. Labour is needed to plant crops, as well as to harvest them. This is important because some produce, such as grapes, need to be hand harvested. 6. Transportation Movement of agricultural products to market depends on transportation systems. For example, produce is shipped by rail in special refrigerated cars, then shipped across the ocean. Some crops such as fruit, must get to the market quickly, or else they will rot; crops like these are often shipped shorter distances or are sold in the regions where they are grown. Physical Factors There are a number of physical factors that makes arable farming in this area Relief- the land is very flat and is mostly 100m above sea level this makes it easy to use machinery and roads and railways have easily been constructed. Soils – mostly fertile boulder clays that were laid down during the last ice age are good for growing cereals, sugar beet and potatoes. Loam soils are good for growing vegetables, fruit and cereals and retain the plant foods and moisture. Waterlogged soils are good for grazing cattle for dairying and the infertile soils in this region such as Breckland can be planted with trees such as pine which can be harvested. Climate – The area tends to be in the rain shadow and rainfall is mostly in the region of 500-700mm per year. There are long warm summers with average temperatures of 17 degrees and long hours of sunshine in the summer which allow sufficient crop growth and the ability to ripen cereal crops. Human Factors Location – it is situated in the east of England to the North of London which means that it is close to a good market for the produce. There is a good motorway network to the most densely populated regions of the UK and also a good east coast railway line which means rappid transport of produce (this is important with perishable food stuff) Politics – Since joining the EU many of the farmers in East Anglia have benefited from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) as they have recieved subsidies for growing certain types of cereal crops such as wheat, oilseed rape and linseed. Development Commercial farming is a progression from diversified (sometimes called mixed) farming, when the farmer’s intention is to produce goods for sale primarily for widespread consumption by others. The farmer may acquire a sufficiently large amount of arable land and/or sufficiently advanced technology. In advanced countries, there is also investment in expensive capital equipment like tractors, harvesters and so forth. At this point, it may become more profitable for the farmer to specialize and focus on one or a few particular crops due to economies of scale. This may be further augmented by higher levels of technology that might significantly reduce the risk of poor harvests. Thus, the key difference between commercial farming and less-developed forms of agriculture is the new emphasis on capital formation, scientific progress and technological development, as opposed to a reliance mainly on natural resource utilization that is common to subsistence and diversified agriculture. Types There are types of commercial agriculture: * Intensive Commercial Farming: A system of agriculture in which relatively large amounts of capitol or labour and applied to relatively smaller areas of land. It is practiced in countries where the population pressure is reducing the size of landholdings. The State of West Bengal in India provides one of the best examples of intensive commercial farming. * Extensive Commercial Farming: It is a system of agriculture in which relatively small amounts of capital or labour investment are applied to relatively large areas of land. At times, the land is left fallow to regain its fertility. It is mostly mechanized as labour is very expensive or may not be available at all. It usually occurs at the margin of the agricultural system, at a great distance from market or on poor land of limited potential. It is practiced usually in the tarai regions of southern Nepal. Crops grown are sugarcane, rice and wheat. * Plantation Agriculture: Plantation is a large farm or estate usually in a tropical or sub-tropical country where crops are grown for sale in distant markets rather than local consumption. Factors Commercial agriculture contains six key factors: 1. Location Commercial farms must move their products to market. Farms need to be located near transportation systems. Trucks, ships, planes, and trains are several ways that products can be moved from where they are grown or made to where customers can buy them. 2. Climate A farm’s soil, as well as the climate of the region in which it is located, determine what crops will grow there or whether the land can support livestock. The temperature and rainfall can also determine the type of crop grown. For example, oranges must be grown in a hot climate. They will not grow if the temperature is too cold. 3. Raw Materials A commercial farm depends on raw material. For example, a farmer will plant grain to get wheat. A farmer will have dairy cows to produce milk. Seeds and animals are two examples of raw materials used in commercial agriculture. 4. Market Forces Supply and demand are important for selling agricultural products. If there is a high demand for a product and low supply, the price will be increased. 5. Labour People who work on farms provide different types of labor. Labors are needed to plant crops, as well as to harvest them. This is important because some produce, such as grapes, need to be hand harvested. 6. Transportation Movement of agricultural products to market depends on transportation systems. For example, produce is shipped by rail in special refrigerated cars, and then shipped across the ocean. Some crop such as fruits, must get to the market quickly, or else they will rot; crops like these are often shipped shorter distances or are sold in the regions where they are grown.

Totoro essays

Totoro essays The movie, My Neighbor Totoro, is a film that shows good character development in an easily understandable way. This childrens flick also has a somewhat complex plot for a kids movie. My Neighbor Totoro is an animated fantasy that takes place in present day Japan in a little farming village. The setting also has an old wooden house in it that Satsuki and Mei live in, it is also hunted. Two girls and their dad move closer to their mother. The two girls meet the legendary soot sprite Totoro. Totoro helps one of the girls find her little sister and took her to their mom and dad. This movie has good characterization. The older sister, Satsuki, is a tall dark haired girl with a great amount of responsibility on her shoulders. She has to take care of her younger sister Mei. Satsuki is very athletic and hyper young girl, she ran for three hours when she was looking for Mei. Satsuki has a bad case of the giggles, when her and her sister moved into their house they ran round giggling. Mei is the younger sister of Satsuki. Mei is about five years old with one big mouth, I mean she could eat a whole watermelon in one bite. Mei is a very brave little girl, she ran right up to Totoro when she first saw him, and speaking of big mouths he could have eaten her up in one bite, well maybe two. Mei is very loud child; she had a yelling contest with the even louder Totoro. Mei is also very clumsy; she might be clumsier than me, if you can imagine that. Every time she runs she always falls down like when she was chasing Satsuki with the corn. The one who is responsible for these two girls is no one other than their dad. Dad is, as you have guessed, Satsuki and Meis father. Dad is a tall, skinny dark haired man who wares big framed glasses all of the time. Dad is like most story book dads; he is very sensitive to his girls needs and desires. He makes the girls laugh when they a scared like at the storm wh...